Table 6.

Characteristics of included students

		Male			Female
Characteristic	N*	Per cent	SE	N*	Per cent	SE	p Value
Age							<0.001
10 years or less	50	3.0	0.7	93	5.3	1.0
11–14 years	1275	78.7	1.6	1503	84.7	1.2
15 or more years	329	18.3	1.7	172	10.0	1.3
Number of meals eaten yesterday							0.032
1 meal	225	12.7	1.2	280	15.1	1.2
2 meals	716	41.7	2.0	644	36.7	1.6
3+ meals	715	45.6	2.7	846	48.0	1.8
Disability	122	8.0	0.7	113	7.2	0.8	0.352
Transport to school							0.019
Other	96	6.1	1.6	43	3.3	1.2
Walking alone	443	28.7	3.1	447	26.9	3.1
Walking with others	1067	65.3	3.3	1247	69.8	3.7
Ever worked for money	961	55.9	3.1	272	14.7	1.2	<0.001
Hours worked on average school day							0.149
<1	570	38.2	3.8	650	38.6	2.5
1–2	757	43.6	2.5	847	47.1	2.0
More than 2	327	18.2	2.3	264	14.3	1.2
Violence from parents or caregivers
No violence	1428	87.0	1.9	1205	69.0	4.1	<0.001
Sexual violence, lifetime	0	0	–	0	0	–
Emotional violence only, lifetime	48	2.7	0.6	78	4.4	1.3
Physical violence only, lifetime	143	8.3	1.3	395	21.9	3.3
Emotional and physical violence, lifetime	37	2.0	0.6	92	4.7	0.9
Witnessing IPV
No witnessing	1143	73.2	1.7	1199	72.9	1.6	0.836
Witnessed shouting only, ever	191	12.4	1.7	225	13.3	1.0
Witnessed physical IPV only, ever	64	3.8	0.6	69	4.0	0.6
Witnessed shouting and physical IPV, ever	174	10.7	1.0	165	9.8	1.0
Violence from non-caregivers
Emotional violence, lifetime	938	58.7	2.7	993	55.8	2.9	0.485
Physical violence,† lifetime	625	39.8	2.8	675	39.2	2.2	0.768
Sexual violence, lifetime	63	3.9	0.6	239	13.3	1.3	<0.001
Witnessing IPV‡ and violence from any perpetrator§
Not witnessed parental IPV or experienced violence	92	5.6	0.9	72	4.6	1.6	0.446
Witnessed IPV but not experienced any violence	9	0.6	0.2	24	1.3	0.5
Not witnessed IPV but experienced violence	1051	67.6	1.8	1127	68.3	1.6
Witnessed IPV and experience violence	420	26.3	1.8	435	25.8	1.7

*Ns are number of participants in each category and are not adjusted for survey design; per cent and SE are weighted and adjusted for clustering.
†Includes physical violence from any perpetrator but only severe physical violence from school staff.
‡Witnessing parental IPV includes shouting or physical IPV.
§Violence from caregiver or non-caregiver (sexual or emotional violence from any perpetrator and any physical violence from non-parents but severe physical violence from school staff).
IPV, intimate partner violence.