Overall | By region | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (N=455) | Australia and NZ (N=312) | SE Asia (N=143) | ||
Examination findings in ED | ||||
Pulse (bpm) | 86 (72–102) Missing data=6 | 85 (71–102) Missing data=4 | 90 (73–103) Missing data=2 | 0.36 |
SBP (mm Hg, IQR) | 143 (125–166) Missing data=8 | 141 (122–160) Missing data=7 | 144 (128–172) Missing data=1 | 0.08 |
Respiratory rate (per min, IQR) | 24 (20–28) Missing data=4 | 24 (20–30) Missing data=4 | 21 (19–26) | 0.0007 |
Oxygen saturation on air (%, where known, IQR) | 95% (92–98%) Missing data=113 | 94% (90–96%) Missing data=76 | 97% (95–99%) Missing data=37 | <0.0001 |
Oxygen saturation on oxygen (%, where known excludes patients with SpO2 on air, IQR) | 97% (95–99%) Missing data=5 | 97% (94–99%) Missing data=4 | 98% (97–100%) Missing data=1 | <0.0001 |
Peripheral oedema (N, %, 95% CI) | 301; 77% (72% to 81%) Missing data=63 | 204; 76% (71% to 81%) Missing data=45 | 97; 78% (70% to 84%) Missing data=18 | 0.68 |
SBP>140 mm Hg (N, %, 95% CI) | 235; 53% (48% to 57%) Missing data=8 | 156; 52% (46% to 57%) Missing data=7 | 79; 56% (47% to 64%) Missing data=1 | 0.41 |
SBP>160 mm Hg (N, %, 95% CI) | 126; 28% (24% to 33%) Missing data=8 | 76; 25% (20% to 30%) Missing data=7 | 50, 35% (28% to 43%) Missing data=1 | 0.03 |
SpO2<90%, (on air or oxygen) (N, %, 95% CI) | 74; 16% (13% to 20%) Missing data=5 | 56; 18% (14% to 23%) Missing data=4 | 8; 6% (3% to 11%) Missing data=1 | 0.007 |
Respiratory rate >30/min, (N, %, 95% CI) | 76; 17% (14% to 21% Missing data=4 | 63; 20% (16% to 25%) Missing data=4 | 16; 12% (7% to 17%) Missing data=0 | 0.02 |
Chest findings in ED | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | |
Basal crepitations | 233; 53% (49% to 58%) Missing data=19 | 146; 49% (44% to 55%) Missing data=15 | 87; 63% (54% to 70%) Missing data=4 | 0.01 |
Widespread crepitations | 86; 20% (16% to 24%) Missing data=19 | 67; 23% (18% to 28%) Missing data=15 | 19; 14% (8% to 20%) Missing data=4 | 0.05 |
Testing ordered in ED | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | |
Chest radiograph | 429; 95% (92% to 96%) Missing data=0 | 292; 94% (90% to 96%) Missing data=0 | 137; 96% (91% to 98%) Missing data=0 | 0.48 |
Lung ultrasound in ED | 3; 0.7% (0.2% to 2%) Missing data=0 | 1; 0.3% (0.06% to 2%) Missing data=0 | 1% (0.4% to 5%) Missing data=0 | 0.19 |
Echocardiography in ED | 10; 2% (1% to 4%) Missing data=2 | 7; 2% (1% to 5%) Missing data=2 | 3; 2% (0.7% to 6%) Missing data=0 | 0.91 |
Electrolytes | 393; 86% (83% to 89%) Missing data=0 | 299; 98% (96% to 98%) Missing data=0 | 94; 66% (58% to 73%) Missing data=0 | <0.0001 |
Full blood examination | 408; 90% (87% to 92%) Missing data=0 | 305; 98% (95% to 99%) Missing data=0 | 103; 72% (64% to 79%) Missing data=0 | <0.0001 |
BNP (N, %, 95% CI) | 25; 5% (4% to 8%) Missing data=0 | 25; 8% (5% to 12%) Missing data=0 | 0; 0% (0% to 2.6%) Missing data=0 | 0.001 |
NT-proBNP | 62; 14% (11% to 17%) Missing data=0 | 33; 11 (8% to 14%) Missing data=0 | 29; 20% (15% to 28%) Missing data=0 | 0.008 |
Natriuretic peptide (either BNP or NT-proBNP) | 87; 19% (16% to 23%) Missing data=0 | 58; 19% (15% to 23%) Missing data=0 | 29; 20% (15% to 28%) Missing data=0 | 0.76 |
Troponin | 287; 63% (59% to 67%) Missing data=0 | 204; 65% (60% to 70%) Missing data=0 | 83; 58% (50% to 66%) Missing data=0 | 0.16 |
C reactive protein | 145; 32% (28% to 36%) Missing data=0 | 140; 45% (40% to 50%) Missing data=0 | 5; 4% (2% to 8%) Missing data=0 | <0.0001 |
Blood gas analysis | 167; 37% (32% to 41%) Missing data=0 | 145; 46% (41% to 52%) Missing data=0 | 22; 15% (10% to 22%) Missing data=0 | <0.001 |
Glucose | 256; 56% (52% to 61%) Missing data=0 | 191; 61% (56% to 66%) Missing data=0 | 65: 45% (38% to 54%) Missing data=0 | 0.002 |
D-dimer | 11; 2% (1% to 4%) Missing data=0 | 11; 4% (2% to 6%) Missing data=0 | 0; 0% (0% to 3%) Missing data=0 | 0.04 |
Lactate | 125; 27% (24% to 32%) Missing data=0 | 108; 35% (30% to 40%) Missing data=0 | 17; 12% (8% to 18%) Missing data=0 | <0.0001 |
Albumin | 256; 56% (52% to 61%) Missing data=0 | 221; 71% (66% to 76%) Missing data=0 | 35; 24% (18% to 32%) Missing data=0 | <0.0001 |
Pathology findings | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | N, % (95% CI) | |
Serum sodium concentration <130 mmol/L | 18; 4% (3% to 6%) Missing data=0 | 15; 5% (3% to 8%) Missing data=0 | 3; 2% (0.7% to 6%) Missing data=0 | 0.20 |
Haemoglobin <10 mmol/L | 67; 15% (12% to 18%) Missing data=0 | 48; 15% (12% to 20%) Missing data=0 | 19; 13% (9% to 20%) Missing data=0 | 0.57 |
Serum creatinine >80 µmol/L | 313; 69% (65% to 73%) Missing data=0 | 229; 73% (68% to 78%) Missing data=0 | 84; 59% (51% to 66%) Missing data=0 | 0.002 |
Serum creatinine >150 µmol/L | 114; 25% (21% to 29%) Missing data=0 | 80; 26% (21% to 31%) Missing data=0 | 34; 24% (18% to 31%) Missing data=0 | 0.73 |
Troponin >99th centile for test | 173; 38% (34% to 43%) Missing data=0 | 123; 39% (34% to 45%) Missing data=0 | 50; 35% (28% to 43%) Missing data=0 | 0.41 |
Data adjusted for missing data.
BNP, β natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; ED, emergency department; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro β natriuretic peptide; NZ, New Zealand; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SE Asia, South East Asia, combined data from Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore; SpO2, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry.