GRADE evidence profile for RCTs: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) for reducing cigarette smoking.
| Quality assessment | Summary of findings | Certainty in estimates | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of participants (studies) Range follow-up time | Study event rates | Anticipated absolute effects over 6-12 months | |||||||||
| Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | ENNDS* | ENDS | Relative risk (95% CI) | ENNDS* | ENDS | OR Quality of evidence | |
| Mortality | |||||||||||
| 481 (2) 6-12 mo | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | Serious imprecision1 | Undetected | 7/ 112 | 43/ 369 | 2.03 (0.94-4.38) | 213 per 1000 | 219 more per 1000 (13 fewer to 720 more) | ⊕⊕OO LOW |
| Renal insufficiency | |||||||||||
| 481 (2) 6-12 mo | Serious limitations1 | Serious limitations | No serious limitations | Serious imprecision2 | Undetected | 45/ 112 | 184/ 369 | 0.97 (0.57-1.66) | 213 per 1000 | 7 fewer per 1000 (92 fewer to 140 more) | ⊕⊕OO LOW |
*The estimated risk control was taken from the median estimated control risks of the cohort studies.
195% CI for absolute effects include clinically important benefit and no benefit.