GRADE evidence profile for cohort studies: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and no ENDS for reducing cigarette smoking
| Quality assessment | Summary of findings | Certainty in estimates | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study event rates | Relative risk (95% CI) | Anticipated absolute effects over 6–12 months | OR Quality of evidence | ||||||||
| No of participants (studies) Range follow-up time | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | ENNDS* | ENDS | ENNDS* | ENDS | ||
| Cessation/nicotine abstinence (Includes self-reported and biochemically validated by eCO) | |||||||||||
| 7826 (8) 6–36 mo | Serious limitations† | No serious limitations | No serious limitations | Serious imprecision‡ | Undetected | 1300/5693 | 336/2133 | 0.74 (0.55 to 1.00) | 213 per 1000 | 56 fewer per 1000 (96 fewer to 0 more) | ⊕OOO VERY LOW |
*The estimated risk control was taken from the median estimated control risks of the cohort studies.
†All studies were rated as high risk of bias for adjustment for prognosis variable; assessment of prognostic factors; assessment of outcomes; adequate follow-up of cohort; and similarity of cointerventions between groups.
‡95% CI for absolute effects include clinically important benefit and no benefit.