Mood n=165 | Anxiety n=201 | Developmental and behavioural n=130 | Undiagnosed n=129 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescent factors | n | OR (95% CI)/R2 | |||
Step 1: | |||||
Model 1—sociodemographic: | 3918 | R2=0.032 | R2=0.034 | R2=0.024 | R2=0.002 |
Female gender | 1.88 (1.35 to 2.61)p<0.001 | 2.04 (1.50 to 2.77)p<0.001 | 1.74 (1.20 to 2.53)p=0.003 | 1.12 (0.78 to 1.60)p=0.546 | |
Family income | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.75)p<0.001 | 0.63 (0.51 to 0.78)p<0.001 | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.80)p<0.001 | 0.84 (0.64 to 1.09)p=0.190 | |
Model 2—physical: | 3618 | R2=0.062 | R2=0.043 | R2=0.022 | R2=0.008 |
Musculoskeletal pain | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.54)p<0.001 | 1.43 (1.28 to 1.61)p<0.001 | 1.29 (1.12 to 1.49)p<0.001 | 1.14 (0.98 to 1.31)p=0.084 | |
Physical activity | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.67)p<0.001 | 0.75 (0.63 to 0.90)p=0.001 | 0.78 (0.63 to 0.97)p=0.022 | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.00)p=0.051 | |
Psychosocial factors: | |||||
Model 3 –supportive: | 3892 | R2=0.016 | R2=0.029 | R2=0.024 | R2=0.003 |
Self-efficacy | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93)p<0.001 | 0.85 (0.81 to 0.89)p<0.001 | 0.85 (0.80 to 0.91)p<0.001 | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01)p=0.111 | |
Model 4—life stressors: | 3703 | R2=0.033 | R2=0.032 | R2=0.025 | R2=0.025 |
School-related stress | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.35)p<0.001 | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.31)p<0.001 | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.31)p=0.001 | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25)p=0.008 | |
Adverse life events | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17)p=0.169 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17)p=0.066 | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23)p=0.044 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27)p=0.005 | |
Model 5—mental health: | 3876 | R2=0.050 | R2=0.062 | R2=0.033 | R2=0.010 |
Anxiety/depression | 2.62 (2.07 to 3.31)p<0.001 | 2.81 (2.28 to 3.48)p<0.001 | 2.27 (1.75 to 2.95)p<0.001 | 1.64 (1.23 to 2.20)p=0.001 | |
Step 2: | |||||
Model 6 (1+2)—sociodemographic and physical: | 3572 | R2=0.082 | R2=0.058 | R2=0.038 | R2=0.011 |
Female gender | 1.63 (1.13 to 2.36)p=0.009 | 1.51 (1.09 to 2.11)p=0.015 | 1.66 (1.10 to 2.15)p=0.015 | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.51)p=0.954 | |
Family income | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.82)p<0.001 | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.85)p=0.001 | 0.63 (0.48 to 0.83)p=0.001 | 0.83 (0.62 to 1.10)p=0.198 | |
Musculoskeletal pain | 1.29 (1.14 to 1.47)p<0.001 | 1.36 (1.21 to 1.53)p<0.001 | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.38)p=0.018 | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.30)p=0.135 | |
Physical activity | 0.58 (0.47 to 0.72)p<0.001 | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.96)p=0.016 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.07)p=0.184 | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.02)p=0.068 | |
Model 7 (3+4+5) –psychosocial: | 3803 | R2=0.061 | R2=0.071 | R2=0.046 | R2=0.025 |
Self-efficacy | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02)p=0.175 | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97)p=0.003 | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95)p=0.001 | – | |
School-related stress | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27)p=0.001 | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22)p=0.005 | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22)p=0.121 | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25)p=0.030 | |
Adverse life events | – | – | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.18)p=0.370 | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26)p=0.018 | |
Anxiety/depression | 1.95 (1.46 to 2.60)p<0.001 | 2.00 (1.54 to 2.60)p<0.001 | 1.47 (1.00 to 2.15)p=0.049 | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.69)p=0.464 | |
Step3/final model† (model 6+7): | 3464 | R2=0.100 | R2=0.079 | R2=0.054 | R2=0.030 |
Female gender | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.07)p=0.109 | 1.23 (0.86 to 1.75)p=0.267 | 1.35 (0.87 to 2.10)p=0.179 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.47)p=0.892 | |
Family income | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.87)p=0.002 | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.94)p=0.012 | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.96)p=0.025 | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.16)p=0.333 | |
Musculoskeletal pain | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.31)p=0.102 | 1.21 (1.06 to 1.38)p=0.006 | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.25)p=0.450 | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)p=0.811 | |
Physical activity | 0.62 (0.49 to 0.77)p<0.001 | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.04)p=0.112 | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.17)p=0.535 | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05)p=0.131 | |
Self-efficacy | – | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01)p=0.077 | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99)p=0.026 | – | |
School-related stress | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20)p=0.138 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14)p=0.380 | – | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.28)p=0.010 | |
Adverse life events | – | – | – | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26)p=0.036 | |
Anxiety/depression | 1.69 (1.20 to 2.37)p=0.002 | 1.70 (1.24 to 2.34)p=0.001 | 1.68 (1.17 to 2.39)p=0.005 | – |
Statistical analyses: hierarchical logistic regression.
*Patient data from the Norwegian Patient Registry.
†Bonferroni adjusted significance level 0.0083 for the final model of mood, developmental and behavioural disorder, and 0.0071 for anxiety disorders.