Table 3

Cox model measured HRs and 95% CI of sepsis associated with ALS and covariates

	HR (95% CI)
Variables	Univariate	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
ALS
No	ref	ref	ref	ref
Yes	6.87 (5.45 to 8.67)***	7.80 (6.17 to 9.86)***	3.38 (2.57 to 4.44)***	3.42 (2.60 to 4.50)***
Sex
Women	ref	ref	ref	ref
Men	1.40 (1.09 to 1.79)**	1.35 (1.05 to 1.73)*	1.26 (0.98 to 1.61)	1.27 (0.99 to 1.63)
Age
20–44	ref	ref	ref	ref
45–69	2.55 (1.59 to 4.10)***	2.42 (1.50 to 3.89)***	2.08 (1.29 to 3.36)**	2.13 (1.32 to 3.44)**
≥70	5.41 (3.31 to 8.84)***	4.55 (1.50 to 3.89)***	3.23 (1.94 to 5.37)***	3.35 (2.01 to 5.59)***
CCI score
0	ref	ref	ref	ref
1–2	2.66 (2.08 to 3.39)***	2.38 (1.86 to 3.05)***	1.75 (1.36 to 2.25)***	1.74 (1.35 to 2.24)***
≥3	6.02 (4.04 to 8.97)***	4.79 (3.15 to 7.28)***	2.75 (1.80 to 4.20)***	2.72 (1.78 to 4.16)***
Medications therapy
β₂-Adrenoceptor agonists†
No	ref	ref		ref
Yes	1.77 (1.07 to 2.93)*	0.93 (0.56 to 1.54)		0.63 (0.38 to 1.06)
Life support measures
ICU
No	ref			ref
Yes	12.2 (9.61 to 15.5)***		ref	3.47 (2.34 to 5.15)***
Ventilator use			3.43 (2.30 to 5.10)***
No	1.00			ref
Yes	12.4 (9.79 to 15.8)***		2.17 (1.42 to 3.32)***	2.20 (1.45 to 3.36)***

Model 1 including ALS, sex, age (continuous), CCI score (continuous) and medications therapy.
Model 2 including ALS, sex, age (continuous), CCI score (continuous), ICU and ventilator use.
Model 3 including ALS, sex, age (continuous), CCI score (continuous), medications therapy, ICU and ventilator use.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†β₂-Adrenoceptor agonists including clenbuterol, orciprenaline (metaproterenol) and salbutamol (albuterol).
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; ICU, intensive care unit.