Logistic regression models of associated factors, including QUS-C, for incidence of falls in three different age groups
| ≥40 years old | ≥70 years old | 40–70 years old | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n=443) | (n=94) | (n=349) | |
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Nagelkerke R2 value | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.20 |
| Age (years) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.26) | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16) |
| Sex (men=1, women=0) | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.62)** | 0.84 (0.04 to 6.36) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.44)** |
| Body height (cm) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.11) | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.28) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.37) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.12) |
| Current smoking (Yes=1, No=0) | 4.97 (1.43 to 17.29)* | 88.37 (2.66 to 2941.95)* | 4.26 (0.86 to 21.07) |
| Current alcohol consumption (Yes=1, No=0) | 3.13 (1.04 to 9.45)* | 1.58 (0.08 to 33.18) | 4.79 (1.21 to 18.99)* |
| Moderate exercise habit (Yes=1, No=0) | 0.75 (0.30 to 1.87) | 0.50 (0.03 to 7.73) | 0.75 (0.26 to 2.15) |
| Living alone (Yes=1, No=0) | 3.76 (1.18 to 11.93)* | 19.47 (1.32 to 286.59)* | 1.73 (0.18 to 16.90) |
| Psychiatric drug use (Yes=1, No=0) | 1.56 (0.39 to 6.19) | 46.80 (1.21 to 1806.38)* | 0.61 (0.07 to 5.72) |
| Diabetes mellitus (Yes=1, No=0) | 0.71 (0.15 to 3.43) | 0.64 (0.04 to 11.75) | 0.78 (0.09 to 7.06) |
| Hypertension (Yes=1, No=0) | 0.99 (0.39 to 2.53) | 1.44 (0.20 to 10.28) | 0.40 (0.08 to 1.95) |
| Fracture history（Yes=1, No=0) | 2.02 (0.89 to 4.56) | 2.76 (0.31 to 24.47) | 2.88 (1.04 to 7.96)* |
| Fall history (Yes=1, No=0) | 2.66 (1.20 to 5.89)* | 4.06 (0.66 to 24.95) | 2.74 (1.00 to 7.46)* |
| Anaemia (Yes=1, No=0)† | 3.63 (1.49 to 8.84)** | 6.70 (0.93 to 48.30) | 2.95 (0.90 to 9.69) |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 0.61 (0.11 to 3.46) | 0.22 (0.01 to 20.09) | 1.40 (0.16 to 12.50) |
| QUS-C-derived BUA (dB/MHz) | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.99)* | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.06) |
The incidence of falls was 29.0 per 1000 person-years in the ≥40 year old group, 41.0 per 1000 person-years in the ≥70 year old group, and 23.5 per 1000 person-years in the 40–70 year old group.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01.
†Anaemia in men if haemoglobin (Hb) <13 g/dL, and in women if Hb <12 g/dL.
BUA, broadband ultrasound attenuation; QUS-C, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound.