Person-time under follow-up broken down by patient-level characteristics and ACEI/ARB exposure status
| Whole cohort | Cohort during time exposed to antihypertensive treatment including an ACEI/ARB | Cohort during time exposed to antihypertensive treatment excluding an ACEI/ARB | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total person years at risk | 2 345 098 | 1 320 001* | 1 025 097* |
| Median person years at risk (IQR) | 2.8 (0.4–7) | 3.6 (1.1–6.9) | 0.8 (0.2–3.4) |
| Range of person years at risk | 0.0–17.0 | 0.0–17.0 | 0.0–17.0 |
| AKI | |||
| Number of events | 14 907 | 10 157 | 4750 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 152 897 (49.2) | 577 957 (43.8) | 574 940 (56.1) |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–44 | 151 515 (6.5) | 73 332 (5.6) | 78 183 (7.6) |
| 45–54 | 350 170 (14.9) | 211 576 (16.0) | 138 593 (13.5) |
| 55–59 | 274 706 (11.7) | 161 826 (12.3) | 112 881 (11.0) |
| 60–64 | 324 416 (13.8) | 188 097 (14.2) | 136 319 (13.3) |
| 65–69 | 326 139 (13.9) | 184 344 (14.0) | 141 795 (13.8) |
| 70–74 | 308 156 (13.1) | 171 103 (13.0) | 137 053 (13.4) |
| 75–84 | 467 754 (19.9) | 255 577 (19.4) | 212 178 (20.7) |
| 85+ | 142 242 (6.1) | 74 146 (5.6) | 68 096 (6.6) |
| CKD stage (eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
| No CKD (eGFR≥60) | 934 070 (39.8) | 580 871 (44.0) | 353 199 (34.5) |
| CKD stage 3a (eGFR 45–59) | 113 238 (4.8) | 68 074 (5.2) | 45 163 (4.4) |
| CKD stage 3b (eGFR 30–44) | 18 435 (0.8) | 10 873 (0.8) | 7562 (0.7) |
| CKD stage 4 (eGFR 15–29) | 1926 (0.1) | 1036 (0.1) | 890 (0.1) |
| Baseline CKD status absent | 1 277 429 (54.5) | 659 145 (49.9) | 618 283 (60.3) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 504 053 (21.5) | 371 423 (28.1) | 132 630 (12.9) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 735 949 (31.4) | 437 433 (33.1) | 298 516 (29.1) |
| Cardiac failure | 152 904 (6.5) | 116 449 (8.8) | 36 456 (3.6) |
| Arrhythmia | 281 141 (12.0) | 156 555 (11.9) | 124 586 (12.2) |
| Hypertension | 2 036 050 (86.8) | 1 194 641 (90.5) | 841 409 (82.1) |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | |||
| β blockers | 764 584 (32.6) | 289 190 (21.9) | 475 394 (46.4) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 732 628 (31.2) | 331 429 (25.1) | 401 199 (39.1) |
| Thiazides | 742 535 (31.7) | 328 679 (24.9) | 413 855 (40.4) |
| Non-thiazide diuretic drugs | |||
| Loop diuretics | 155 911 (6.6) | 118 565 (9.0) | 37 346 (3.6) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 42 047 (1.8) | 25 015 (1.9) | 17 033 (1.7) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 982 377 (41.9) | 569 946 (43.2) | 412 431 (40.2) |
| South Asian | 26 933 (1.1) | 17 647 (1.3) | 9286 (0.9) |
| Black | 148 301 (0.6) | 6723 (0.5) | 8108 (0.8) |
| Other | 7832 (0.3) | 4792 (0.4) | 3041 (0.3) |
| Mixed heritage | 2553 (0.1) | 1490 (0.1) | 1063 (0.1) |
| Not stated or missing | 1 310 572 (55.9) | 719 403 (54.5) | 591 169 (57.7) |
| Calendar period | |||
| 1997–2000 | 93 628 (4.0) | 26 446 (2.0) | 67 182 (6.6) |
| 2001–2004 | 418 412 (17.8) | 170 465 (12.9) | 247 947 (24.2) |
| 2005–2008 | 742 558 (31.7) | 422 466 (32.0) | 320 092 (31.2) |
| 2009–2011 | 646 221 (27.6) | 416 685 (31.6) | 229 535 (22.4) |
| 2012–2014 | 444 280 (18.9) | 283 938 (21.5) | 160 342 (15.6) |
Data are person years unless otherwise stated. Numbers in brackets are column percentages unless otherwise specified.
*Note that numbers exposed to antihypertensive treatment regimens including an ACEI/ARB and excluding an ACEI/ARB do not total the whole cohort number as individuals may be included in both columns.
ACEI/ARB, ACE inhibitors inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.