Sugarcane (N=86) | Construction (N=56) | Farming (N=52) | p Value* differences between groups | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Demographics, employment and social indicators | ||||
Age (years) | 25.6±5.5 | 27.3±6.0 | 25.2±5.1 | 0.11 |
Education (years) | 3.9±3.0† | 7.8±3.6 | 8.0±4.1 | <0.001 |
Drinking water from well, % | 84.9† | 12.5 | 13.5 | <0.001 |
Temporary contract, % | 93.0† | 75.0† | 21.1† | <0.001 |
Without work ≥4 months/year, % | 20.9 | 17.9 | 34.6† | 0.089 |
No current social security, % | 15.1 | 8.9 | 92.3† | <0.001 |
Monthly household income per person in family (25 córdobas=1 US$) | 1808±1156† | 2267±1124† | 1343±1059† | <0.001 |
(B) Lifestyle, medical history and health indicators | ||||
High tobacco consumption, % | 10.5† | 26.8 | 23.1 | 0.031 |
High alcohol consumption, % | 18.6 | 28.6 | 32.7 | 0.145 |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ≥3 months, % | 5.8 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 0.901 |
Nephrotoxic antibiotics, % | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.648 |
History of kidney stones, % | 1.2 | 5.4 | 1.9 | 0.287 |
History of urinary tract infections, % | 23.3‡ | 33.9 | 42.3‡ | 0.058 |
Not feeling in good health, % | 10.5§ | 37.5§ | 17.5 | <0.001 |
Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, % | 17.4§ | 58.9§ | 40.4 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure>140/90, % | 5.8† | 17.9 | 26.9 | 0.003 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 62±12† | 73±14 | 72±13 | <0.001 |
Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 89±11 | 90±14 | 90±12 | 0.874 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 120±67† | 168±108 | 177±124 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 170±36§ | 188±41§ | 178±44 | 0.032 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48±12† | 42±10 | 38±8 | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 93±28 | 101±33 | 91±32 | 0.120 |
VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 24±13† | 34±22 | 35±25 | <0.001 |
Haematocrit (%)¶ | 46.8±5.9 | 48.5±4.8 | 50.8±4.0† | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL)¶ | 13.4±1.6† | 14.8±1.5 | 15.4±1.3 | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin <13 g/dL, %¶ | 35.8† | 8.9 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
White cell counts/µL¶,** | 7184±2048 | 7307±1656 | 7580±1882 | 0.503 |
% neutrophils¶,** | 38.6±10.6 | 38.6±8.8 | 36.5±9.0 | 0.421 |
% lymphocytes¶,** | 21.2±6.6† | 18.5±4.9† | 14.5±4.7† | <0.001 |
% other cells¶,** | 40.2±10.0 | 43.0±8.2 | 49.1±10.6† | <0.001 |
Erythrocytes×106/µL¶ | 4.87±0.59† | 5.27±0.47† | 5.53±0.50† | <0.001 |
Platelets×103/µL¶ | 299.4±76.7 | 315.6±67.7 | 292.8±62.8 | 0.218 |
Values are mean±SD unless indicated otherwise.
*p Value for differences between groups: ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, Kruskal-Wallis for not normally distributed continuous variables, χ2 test for categorical variables.
†Significantly different from the other two categories in post hoc tests.
‡Significant difference only between sugarcane cutters and farmers.
§Significant difference only between sugarcane cutters and construction workers.
¶5 missing data for sugarcane workers due to technical error.
**Exclusion of one farmer with outlier for white blood cell count (WBC count=17500/µL).
HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.