Participant characteristics at baseline (N=17)
| Variable | n (%) | M (SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 51.12 (9.78) | 32–67 | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 11 (64.7) | ||
| Female | 6 (35.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic or Latino | 15 (88.2) | ||
| Unknown (not reported) | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Race | |||
| Black or African-American | 4 (23.5) | ||
| White | 10 (58.8) | ||
| More than one race | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Service era* | |||
| Vietnam | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Post-Vietnam | 7 (41.1) | ||
| Gulf war | 5 (29.4) | ||
| OEF/OIF/OND | 6 (35.3) | ||
| Marital/partner status | |||
| Married/living with partner | 8 (47.1) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Widowed | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Never married | 5 (29.4) | ||
| Education | |||
| High school Diploma/GED | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Some college/trade or technical training | 11 (64.7) | ||
| College degree (4 years) | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Attended/completed graduate school | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Employment | |||
| Working full time | 5 (29.4) | ||
| Unemployed and looking for work | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Disabled and not working | 9 (52.9) | ||
| Retired and not working | 1 (5.9) | ||
| BMI | 31.79 (4.80) | 26.6–41.6 | |
| PCL-5 | 44.56 (17.78) | 11–74 | |
| Suggestive of PTSD diagnosis† | 13 (76.5) | ||
| Subthreshold symptoms | 4 (23.5) | ||
| Brief Pain Inventory | |||
| Currently experiencing pain | 11 (64.7) | ||
| Pain severity score‡ | 4.67 (2.79) | 0–9.25 | |
| Pain interference score§ | 4.75 (3.33) | 0–10 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 24.56 (11.87) | 3–44 | |
| Normative | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Mild/borderline depression | 3 (17.6) | ||
| Moderate depression | 4 (23.5) | ||
| Severe or extreme depression | 7 (41.1) | ||
| Psychological treatment (individual and/or group) | 11 (64.7%) | ||
| Pain medications* | 15 (88.2) | ||
| Analgesics | 7 (41.2) | ||
| Daily NSAIDs other than aspirin | 7 (41.2) | ||
| Narcotics (occasionally to daily) | 8 (47.1) | ||
| Anticonvulsants for nerve pain | 5 (29.4) | ||
| Muscle relaxants | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Psychotropic medications* | 13 (76.5) | ||
| Antidepressants/anxiety/sleep | 11 (64.7) | ||
| Antipsychotics | 2 (11.8) | ||
| Mood stabilisers | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 5 (29.4) | ||
Some percentages do not add up to 100% due to rounding.
*Service era, pain medications and psychotropic medications are not mutually exclusive.
†A total score of 33 or more on the PCL-5.
‡0=No pain; 10=pain as bad as you can imagine.
§0=Does not interfere; 10=completely interferes.
BMI, body mass index; GED, General Education Diploma; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OEF, Operation Enduring Freedom; OIF, Operation Iraqi Freedom; OND, Operation New Dawn; PCL, PTSD Checklist; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.