Individual reasons for retraction and classification into the main categories of honest error, misconduct or unclear
| Reason for retraction | Honest error | Misconduct | Unclear |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breach of editorial policy | 1 | ||
| Co-authors unaware of manuscript submission | 5 | ||
| Compromised peer review | 44 | ||
| Data falsification/fabrication | 10 | ||
| Data unreliable | 6 | 8 | |
| Duplicate publication | 7 | 1 | |
| Image duplication | 1 | 5 | |
| No consent | 1 | ||
| No ethical approval | 5 | ||
| No permission for data | 3 | 2 | |
| Plagiarism | 22 | ||
| Published in error | 10 | ||
| Undeclared conflict of interest | 3 | ||
| Sub-totals per broad category | 17 | 102 | 15 |