Characteristics of the sample, overall and by gender
| All | Women | Men | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 6711 | 3530 | 3181 | |
| Caucasian | 6176 (92.0) | 3246 (92.0) | 2930 (92.1) | 0.815 |
| Age (years) | 52.6±10.7 | 53±10.7 | 52.2±10.7 | 2.30×10−3 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 2723 (40.6) | 1681 (47.6) | 1042 (32.8) | |
| Former | 2182 (32.5) | 972 (27.5) | 1210 (38.0) | 2.10×10−35 |
| Current | 1806 (26.9) | 877 (24.8) | 929 (29.2) | |
| HSI categories* | ||||
| Low (0–1) | 447 (35.6) | 230 (38.6) | 214 (32.8) | |
| Medium (2–4) | 642 (51.1) | 312 (51.7) | 330 (50.5) | 0.001 |
| High (5–6) | 168 (13.4) | 59 (9.8) | 109 (16.7) | |
| HSI categories* | ||||
| 0 | 298 (22.8) | 157 (25.2) | 141 (20.6) | |
| 1 | 166 (12.7) | 83 (13.3) | 83 (12.1) | |
| 2 | 194 (14.8) | 92 (14.7) | 102 (14.9) | 0.016 |
| 3 | 277 (21.2) | 136 (21.8) | 141 (20.6) | |
| 4 | 193 (14.7) | 93 (14.9) | 100 (14.6) | |
| 5 | 113 (8.6) | 39 (6.3) | 74 (10.8) | |
| 6 | 68 (5.2) | 24 (3.9) | 44 (6.4) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| High | 1319 (19.7) | 571 (16.2) | 748 (23.5) | |
| Middle | 1624 (24.2) | 894 (25.3) | 730 (23.0) | 4.00×10−13 |
| Low | 3768 (56.2) | 2065 (58.5) | 1703 (53.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8±4.5 | 25.1±4.8 | 26.6±4.0 | 5.70×10−40 |
| BMI categories | ||||
| Normal | 3232 (48.2) | 2029 (57.5) | 1203 (37.8) | |
| Overweight | 2451 (36.5) | 998 (28.3) | 1453 (45.7) | 3.11×10−61 |
| Obese | 1028 (15.3) | 503 (14.3) | 525 (16.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 1897 (28.3) | 1347 (38.2) | 550 (17.3) | |
| 1–13 units/week | 3649 (54.4) | 1942 (55.0) | 1707 (53.7) | 7.77×10−162 |
| 14–27 units/week | 913 (13.6) | 215 (6.1) | 698 (21.9) | |
| 28+ units/week | 252 (3.8) | 26 (0.7) | 226 (7.1) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 3974 (59.2) | 1833 (51.9) | 2141 (67.3) | |
| Divorced | 1355 (20.2) | 831 (23.6) | 524 (16.5) | 2.32×10−54 |
| Single | 1082 (16.1) | 606 (17.2) | 476 (15.0) | |
| Widowed | 299 (4.5) | 259 (7.3) | 40 (1.3) | |
| Caffeinated drinks | ||||
| None | 449 (6.7) | 241 (6.8) | 208 (6.5) | |
| 1–3/day | 4376 (65.2) | 2324 (65.8) | 2052 (64.5) | 0.198 |
| 4–6/day | 1568 (23.4) | 815 (23.1) | 753 (23.7) | |
| 7+/day | 318 (4.7) | 150 (4.3) | 168 (5.3) | |
| Diabetes | 435 (6.5) | 141 (4.0) | 294 (9.2) | 2.80×10−18 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Retinoic acid | 26 (0.4) | 20 (0.6) | 6 (0.2) | 0.013 |
| Anticancer drugs | 84 (1.3) | 63 (1.8) | 21 (0.7) | 3.51×10−5 |
| Number of children | 1.53±1.14 | 1.50±1.11 | 1.57±1.17 | 0.005 |
| Age at first birth† | 28.2±5.5 | 27.0±5.2 | 29.6±5.5 | 2.92×10−65 |
Results are expressed as number of participants (percentage) or as mean±SD.
Statistical analyses comparing genders by χ2 or Student's t-test.
*Among 1257 current smokers.
†For 2662 women and 2419 men only.
BMI, body mass index; HSI, Heaviness of Smoking Index (current smokers only).