Table 2

Prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse

	A	B	A–B	C	A–C
	Bup/Nalox (n=62)	No opioids (n=618)	p Value	Illicit opioids (n=159)	p Value
Primary opioid of abuse, n (%)
Morphine	14 (22.6%)	0		95 (59.7%)	<0.001*
Oxycodone, Percocet and OxyNeo	5 (8.1%)	0		50 (31.4%)	<0.001†
Hydromorphone	4 (6.5%)	0		7 (4.4%)	0.507†
Tylenol+Codeine	0	0		4 (2.5%)	0.578†
Methadone	0	0		1 (0.6%)	>0.999†
Suboxone	1 (1.6%)	0		9 (5.7%)	0.289†
Unknown	39 (62.9%)	0		7 (4.4%)	<0.001*
Route of opioid administration, n (%)
Intravenous	16 (25.8%)	0		108 (67.9%)	<0.001*
Snort/intranasal	5 (8.1%)	0		49 (30.8%)	<0.001†
By mouth/per os	0	0		9 (5.7%)	0.064†
Smoke/inhale	1 (1.6%)	0		7 (4.4%)	0.447†
Not available	42 (67.7%)	0		8 (5.0%)	<0.001*
Frequency of opioid use, n (%)
Occasional (two times per week or less)	1 (1.6%)	0		25 (15.7%)	0.003†
Regular (three times per week or more)	5 (8.1%)	0		26 (16.4%)	0.111†
Daily	11 (17.7%)	0		97 (61.0%)	<0.001*
Unknown	45 (72.6%)	0		11 (6.9%)	<0.001*
Other drugs of abuse, n (%)
Polysubstance use	8 (12.9%)	0	<0.001†	85 (53.5%)	<0.001*
Marijuana, reported	8 (12.9%)	60 (9.7%)	0.424*	58 (36.5%)	0.001*
Marijuana, positive urine screen	6 (9.7%)	36 (5.8%)	0.261†	44 (27.7)	0.004†
Benzodiazepines	0	0		3 (1.9%)	0.561†
Cocaine	1 (1.6%)	0	0.091†	10 (6.3%)	0.299†
Ecstasy	0	0		1 (0.6%)	>0.999†

*χ² test was used.
†When assumptions for the χ² test were not met, the Fisher's Exact test was used.