The test characteristics of the different rules and algorithms for the detection of heart failure
| Non-referral | Referral | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of non-referrals n (%) | Heart failure absent n | Sensitivity (%), 95% CI | NPV (%), 95% CI | LR− 95% CI | Number of referrals n (%) | Heart failure present n | Specificity (%), 95% CI | PPV (%), 95% CI | LR+ 95% CI | |
| ESC guideline, NT-proBNP≥125 pg/mL5 | 106 (29) | 100 | 92 (83 to 97) | 94 (88 to 98) | 0.21 (0.18 to 0.52) | 259 (71) | 68 | 34 (29 to 40) | 26 (21 to 32) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) |
| Kelder* diagnostic rule7 | 181 (50) | 167 | 81 (70 to 89) | 92 (87 to 96) | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.53) | 184 (50) | 60 | 57 (52 to 63) | 33 (26 to 40) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) |
| Oudejans† diagnostic rule8 | 232 (64) | 213 | 74 (63 to 84) | 92 (88 to 95) | 0.35 (0.24 to 0.52) | 133 (36) | 55 | 73 (68 to 78) | 41 (33 to 50) | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.5) |
| Mant et al clinical decision rule6 | 158 (43) | 143 | 80 (69 to 88) | 91 (85 to 95) | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.66) | 207 (57) | 59 | 49 (43 to 55) | 29 (23 to 35) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.8) |
*Dichotomous variable with a cut-off >54.
†Dichotomous variable with a cut-off >16.
ESC, European Society of Cardiology; LR−, negative likelihood ratio; LR+, positive likelihood ratio; NPV, negative predictive value; NT-proBNP, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; PPV, positive predictive value.