Summary of results
| Associations with hope* | Associations with hopelessness* | Summary code | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | # of studies examining associations | +ve | −ve | ? | +ve | −ve | ? | Association with hope† | % Studies (N) |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||||||
| Age (older) | 14 | 3 | 3 | ?? | 42.9 (6/14) | ||||
| Gender (female) | 3 | 1 | ? | 33.33 (1/3) | |||||
| Marital status (married) | 12 | 3 | 0 | 25.00 (3/12) | |||||
| Education (education level) | 12 | 6 | 4 | ++ | 83.33 (10/12) | ||||
| Employment (employed) | 10 | 4 | 2 | ++ | 60.00 (6/10) | ||||
| Economic status | 5 | 3 | + | 60.00 (3/5) | |||||
| Religion | 10 | ?? | 40.00 (4/10) | ||||||
| Participation | 3 | 1 | |||||||
| Affiliation (Christianity) | 2 | ||||||||
| Affiliation (Buddhism) | 1 | ||||||||
| Race | 1 | 1 | ? | 100.00 (1/1) | |||||
| Clinical variables | |||||||||
| Cancer stage | 11 | 3 | 5 | -- | 72.72 (8/11) | ||||
| Cancer type | 6 | 1 | 1 | ? | 33.33 (2/6) | ||||
| Awareness of diagnosis | 3 | 2 | 1 | ?? | 100.00 (3/3) | ||||
| Treatment | 9 | ?? | 66.67 (6/9) | ||||||
| Surgery | 2 | ||||||||
| Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 1 | ||||||||
| Frequency and duration | 1 | ||||||||
| Outpatients | 1 | ||||||||
| Type of surgery | 1 | ||||||||
| Physical condition | 11 | 5 | 3 | ++ | 72.73 (8/11) | ||||
| Symptoms | 11 | 8 | 3 | -- | 100.00 (11/11) | ||||
| Mortality | 2 | 2 | – | 100.00 (2/2) | |||||
| Immunity | 1 | 1 | + | 100.00 (1/1) | |||||
| Psychosocial variables | |||||||||
| Emotional distress | 9 | 5 | 4 | -- | 100.00 (9/9) | ||||
| Demoralisation and resignation | 3 | 3 | – | 100.00 (3/3) | |||||
| Quality of life | 5 | 3 | 2 | ++ | 100.00 (5/5) | ||||
| Adjustment and resilience | 4 | 3 | 1 | ++ | 100.00 (4/4) | ||||
| Coping responses | 4 | 3 | 1 | ++ | 100.00 (4/4) | ||||
| Uncertainty | 3 | 3 | – | 100.00 (3/3) | |||||
| Control and self-efficacy | 5 | 4 | 1 | ++ | 100.00 (5/5) | ||||
| Self-esteem | 2 | 2 | + | 100.00 (2/2) | |||||
| Personality | 4 | 3 | 1 | ++ | 100.00 (4/4) | ||||
| Social support and connections | 10 | ++ | 100.00 (10/10) | ||||||
| Social support | 7 | ||||||||
| Support from medical professionals | 1 | ||||||||
| Social connections | 2 | ||||||||
| Satisfaction with nursing | 1 | ||||||||
| Satisfaction with confidents | |||||||||
*Number of studies with significant associations.
†When four or more studies supported no association or an association, it was coded as 00, ++ or −−. ?? indicated a variable that had been studied by four or more studies, but the findings were inconsistent.