Summary of individual studies
| Age | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Study | Country | Type of cancer | Cancer stage | Patients (% male) | Mean age (SD)/age group (%) | Age range | Instruments (hope/hopelessness) | Instruments (other variables) |
| 1 | Hwang et al41 | Taiwan | Breast cancer | Various | 120 (0%) | 41.79 (9.83) | 20–66 | NHS (Mandarin) | Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and the Cohen's Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (Mandarin) |
| 2 | Chen and Wang52 | Taiwan | Haemolymph neoplasm | Various | 75 (54.7%) | 40–49 (30.7%) | 20–60 | HHI (Mandarin) | Personal Resource Questionnaire 85 Part-II (Mandarin) |
| 3 | Lee44 | Korea | Breast cancer | Various | 122 (0%) | 44.40 (7.62) | 27–63 | HHI | Psychological adjustment to Breast Cancer Factor, Piper Fatigue Scale |
| 4 | Chang and Li55 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 137 (NA) | 51.9 (15.76) | 19–84 | NHS (Mandarin) | Symptom distress scale, Physical self-maintenance scale and the Perception of control scale (Mandarin versions) |
| 5 | Chen56 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 226 (48.7%) | NR | ≥18 | HHI (Mandarin) | Pain Assessment Form, Perceived Meaning of Cancer Pain Inventory and Karnofsky Performance Scale (Mandarin) |
| 6 | Hsu et al51 | Taiwan | Lung cancer | Various | 164 (NA) | NR | ≥18 | HHI (Mandarin) | Brief Pain Inventory, and the Mishel Uncertainty Illness Scale (Mandarin) |
| 7 | Lai et al15 | Taiwan | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Various | 115 (76.5%) | 40–59 (59.1%) | ≥20 | HHI (Mandarin) | Symptom Distress Scale-modified, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Catastrophising-Dis (Mandarin) |
| 8 | Lin et al59 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 484 (47.7%) | With pain: 58.06 (14.52) Without pain: 58.50 (14.77) | ≥18 | HHI (Mandarin) | Brief pain Inventory, and the Karnorfsy Performance Scale (Mandarin) |
| 9 | Lin et al58 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 124 (47.6%) | 57.50 (13.10) | 24–89 | HHI (Mandarin) | Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales, Demographics and Disease sheet |
| 10 | Uchitomi et al38 | Japan | Lung cancer | Various | 205 (60.0%) | 61.9 (10.9) | 22–83 | MAC (Japanese) | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and a 4-point verbal scale for pain and dyspnoea (Japanese) |
| 11 | Jo and Son42 | Korea | Breast cancer | Various | 113 (0%) | 40–50 (41.6%) | 21–70 | NHS (Korean) | Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, Ro's Korean Quality of Life Scale (Korean) |
| 12 | Lin and Tsay60 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 124 (47.6%) | 57.50 (13.10) | 24–89 | HHI | Multidimensional Health Locus of Control |
| 13 | Nagano et al36 | Japan | Lung cancer | Various | 68 (74%) | >60 (38%) | ≤70 | SIRI (Japanese) | – |
| 14 | Nakaya et al37 | Japan | Lung cancer | Various | 1178 (71%) | 64 (9) | NA | MAC (Japanese) | Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Japanese) |
| 15 | Ueda and Katsuno65 | Japan | Various | Various | 52 (50%) | 72.27 (5.14) | >65 | MAC (Japanese) | Visual analogue scale, Karnofsky Performance Status, Self-efficacy scale for advanced cancer (Japanese) |
| 16 | Hou et al35 | Hong Kong | Colorectal cancer | Various | 234 (62%) | 64.44 (10.55) | 29–82 | SHS (Mandarin) | Chinese Revised Life Orientation Test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Social Relation Quality Scale (Mandarin) |
| 17 | Zhang et al46 | China | Breast cancer | Various | 159 (0%) | 40–49 (40.88%) | 18–65 | HHI (Mandarin) | Jalowiec Coping Scale, and the Xiao Shui-yuan Social Support Scale (Mandarin) |
| 18 | Ho et al39 | Hong Kong | Oral cavity cancer | Various | 50 (42%) | 60 (13.06) | NA | SHS (Mandarin) | Post-traumatic Growth Inventory and the Life Orientation Scale-Revised (Mandarin) |
| 19 | Kim et al43 | Korea | Breast cancer | Various | 196 (0%) | 50.2 (9.7) | NA | BHS | Beck Depression Inventory, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire and assessment of peripheral venous blood samples for assessment of a subset of circulating lymphocytes |
| 20 | Shim and Hahm64 | Korea | Various | Various | 131 (60.3%) | 52.5 (12.1) | NA | Mini-MAC (Korean) | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Schedule of Attitudes towards Hastened Death, Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being scale and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (Korean) |
| 21 | Shun et al61 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 182 (46%) | 50.81 (10.4) | 21–78 | HHI (Mandarin) | Fatigue Symptom Inventory, and the Karnofsky Performance Status (Mandarin) |
| 22 | Ueta and Onishi45 | Japan | Breast cancer | Recurrent cancer/metastasis | 64 (0%) | 58.33 (11.28) | 33–82 | MAC (Japanese) | Visual analogue scale, Tri-axial Coping Scale (TAC-24) (Japanese) |
| 23 | Lee et al57 | Taiwan | Various | Various | 234 (35.5%) | 51–65 (44.9%) | NA | BHS (Mandarin) | Demoralisation Scale-Mandarin Version, Patient Health Questionnaire, McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Taiwanese version |
| 24 | Jun and Ko63 | Korea | Various | Various | 120 (40.0%) | 55.17 (NA) 45–65 (60.0%) | ≥22 | Hope Scale by Kim and Lee | Fatigue Scale by Mendoza et al, and the Spiritual Well-being Scale by Paloutzian and Ellisonn |
| 25 | Shimizu et al40 | Japan | Lung cancer | Various | 1334 (71.4%) | 64.2 (NA) | 26–88 | MAC (Japanese) | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (Japanese) |
| 26 | Tae et al49 | Korea | Breast cancer | Various | 214 (0%) | 41–50 (38%) | ≥18 | HHI (Korean) | Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Health Self-rating Scale in Health and Activity Survey, Kang's Family Support Scale and visual analogue scales measuring pain and fatigue (Korean) |
| 27 | Chae and Kim62 | Korea | Various | Various | 175 (55.3%) | <60 (56.0%) | NA | Hope Scale by Kim and Lee | Cobb Family Support Scale |
| 28 | Han et al53 | China | Oesophageal cancer | Various | 301 (72.0%) | Male: 60.71 (10.9) Female: 57.64 (10.9) | NA | BHS (Mandarin) | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Mandarin) |
| 29 | Horii and Maekawa50 | Japan | Lung cancer | Various | 203 (69.95%) | 65.6 (10.0) | ≥20 | MAC (Japanese) | Life Adjustment Scale for Patients with Lung Cancer, Tangible Assistance Scale, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status and the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-9 (Japanese) |
| 30 | Ryu and Yi48 | Korea | Breast cancer | Various | 163 (0%) | 51.5 (NA) | 36–67 | NHS | Resilience Scale by Wagnild, Spousal Support Scale by Nam and the Quality of Life Scale by Ferrell |
| 31 | Raja Lexshimi et al47 | Malaysia | Breast cancer | Various | 216 (0%) | 54.57 (11.00) | NA | MAC (Malay and English) | Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (Malay or English) |
| 32 | Yang et al54 | China | Cervical cancer | 224 (0%) | 49.16 (10.11) | 22–79 | HHI (Mandarin) | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Life Orientation Scale-Revised and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Mandarin) | |
BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; HHI, Herth Hope Inventory; KLHS, Kim and Lee Hope Scale; MAC, Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, Mini-MAC, Shortened MAC Scale; NHS, Nowotny Hope Scale; NR, not reported; SHS, Snyder's Hope Scale; SIRI, Short Interpersonal Reactions Inventory.