Factors associated with painful diabetic neuropathy
| Painful diabetic neuropathy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | χ2 | p Value |
| Gender | 4.52 | 0.034 | ||
| Female | 235 (53.9) | 121 (63.0) | ||
| Male | 201 (46.1) | 71 (37.0) | ||
| Educational level | 1.38 | 0.241 | ||
| ≤Primary | 336 (77.1) | 156 (81.2) | ||
| ≥Secondary | 100 (22.9) | 36 (18.8) | ||
| Age (years) | 2.42 | 0.299 | ||
| <65 | 122 (28.1) | 44 (22.9) | ||
| ≥65 | 312 (71.9) | 148 (77.1) | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years) (n=590)* | 0.70 | 0.402 | ||
| <10 | 217 (53.2) | 90 (49.5) | ||
| >10 | 191 (46.8) | 92 (50.5) | ||
| Smoking habit | 0.42 | 0.515 | ||
| Never or formerly | 322 (73.9) | 137 (71.4) | ||
| Current users | 114 (26.1) | 55 (28.6) | ||
| Exercise | 4.04 | 0.045 | ||
| Often (ie, regular) | 240 (55.0) | 89 (46.4) | ||
| Not often (ie, irregular) | 196 (45.0) | 103 (53.6) | ||
| MNSI (n=612)* | 7.87 | 0.005 | ||
| ≤2 | 208 (48.8) | 68 (36.6) | ||
| >2 | 218 (51.2) | 118 (63.4) | ||
| ABI (n=616)* | 18.76 | <0.001 | ||
| ≥0.9 | 387 (90.6) | 147 (77.8) | ||
| <0.9 | 40 (9.4) | 42 (22.2) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (n=623)* | ||||
| ≤130 mm Hg | 141 (32.6) | 51 (26.7) | 2.19 | 0.139 |
| >130 mm Hg | 291 (67.4) | 140 (73.3) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (n=623)* | 2.41 | 0.121 | ||
| ≤85 mm Hg | 339 (78.5) | 139 (72.8) | ||
| >85 mm Hg | 93 (21.5) | 52 (27.2) | ||
| Waist circumference (cm)† (n=614)* | 0.28 | 0.869 | ||
| Normal | 113 (26.5) | 53 (28.3) | ||
| Abnormal | 314 (73.5) | 134 (71.7) | ||
| HbA1C (%) (n=457)* | 0.13 | 0.721 | ||
| ≤7.0 | 125 (38.8) | 50 (37.0) | ||
| >7.0 | 197 (61.2) | 85 (63.0) | ||
| Fasting blood glucose (n=499)* | 0.56 | 0.454 | ||
| ≤126 mg/dL | 121 (35.4) | 61 (38.9) | ||
| >126 mg/dL | 221 (64.6) | 96 (61.1) | ||
| Total cholesterol (n=411)* | 0.25 | 0.618 | ||
| ≤200 mg/dL | 183 (64.7) | 86 (67.2) | ||
| >200 mg/dL | 100 (35.3) | 42 (32.8) | ||
| Triglyceride (n=437)* | 4.79 | 0.029 | ||
| ≤150 mg/dL | 192 (63.4) | 70 (52.2) | ||
| >150 mg/dL | 111 (36.6) | 64 (47.8) | ||
ABI, ankle brachial index; HbA1C, glycohaemoglobin; MNSI, Michigan neuropathy screening index;
*Missing data.
†Normal: male ≤90 cm, female ≤80 cm; abnormal: male >90 cm, female >80 cm.