Univariate analysis of factors associated with adverse birth outcomes and obstetric complications among cases and controls at selected hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan
| Characteristics | Controls n=963 | Cases n=312 | Crude OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of mother (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 26.0 (4.6) | 25.3 (4.8) | 0.96 | (0.90 to 1.0) |
| Educational level | ||||
| No formal education | 353 (36.7) | 114 (36.5) | 1 | – |
| Primary and secondary | 519 (53.9) | 160 (51.3) | 0.95 | (0.73 to 1.25) |
| Intermediate | 66 (6.9) | 26 (8.3) | 1.22 | (0.74 to 2.01) |
| Graduate and post graduate | 25 (2.6) | 12 (3.8) | 1.49 | (0.72 to 3.05) |
| Nature of house | ||||
| Kachchaa (made by mud and wood) | 21 (2.2) | 14 (4.5) | 1 | – |
| Pakka (made by bricks and cement) | 942 (97.8) | 298 (95.5) | 2.11 | (1.10 to 4.21) |
| Mother's history of illness | ||||
| No | 959 (99.6) | 305 (97.8) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 4 (0.4) | 7 (2.2) | 5.50 | (1.60 to 18.92) |
| Family history of illness | ||||
| No | 556 (57.7) | 191 (61.2) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 407 (42.3) | 121 (38.8) | 0.86 | (0.72 to 1.10) |
| Years of marriage | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.1 (5.5) | 4.6 (4.6) | 0.90 | (0.91 to 1.00) |
| Gravidity | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 0.82 | (0.80 to 0.91) |
| History of miscarriage | ||||
| No | 565 (74.0) | 110 (64.0) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 198 (26.0) | 62 (36.0) | 1.61 | (1.13 to 2.31) |
| History of preterm delivery | ||||
| No | 752 (98.6) | 158 (91.9) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 11 (1.4) | 14 (8.1) | 6.00 | (2.71 to 13.60) |
| History of stillbirth | ||||
| No | 718 (94.1) | 142 (82.6) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 45 (5.9) | 30 (17.4) | 3.34 | (2.13 to 5.52) |
| Complication during previous pregnancy | ||||
| No | 855 (88.8) | 261 (83.7) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 108 (11.2) | 51 (16.3) | 1.52 | (1.10 to 2.21) |
| Booked in the hospital | ||||
| Yes | 732 (76.0) | 204 (65.4) | 1 | |
| No | 231 (24.0) | 108 (34.6) | 1.70 | (1.32 to 2.20) |
| Gestational age when foetal movement started (weeks) | ||||
| Mean (SE) | 20.7 (0.1) | 20.7 (0.1) | 0.99 | (0.94 to 1.11) |
| No. of antenatal care visits | 6.5 (0.1) | 6.6 (0.2) | 1.02 | (0.99 to 1.04) |
| Micturition problem during pregnancy | ||||
| No | 793 (82.3) | 229 (73.4) | 1 | |
| Yes | 170 (17.7) | 83 (26.6) | 1.71 | (1.33 to 2.30) |
| Taken folic acid tablets | ||||
| No | 611 (63.4) | 199 (63.8) | 1 | |
| Yes | 352 (36.6) | 113 (36.2) | 1.02 | (0.81 to 1.30) |
| Complication during current pregnancy | ||||
| No | 765 (79.4) | 192 (61.5) | 1 | |
| Yes | 198 (20.6) | 120 (38.5) | 2.40 | (1.80 to 3.22) |
| Blood transfusion done | ||||
| No | 914 (94.9) | 286 (91.7) | 1 | |
| Yes | 49 (5.1) | 26 (8.3) | 1.70 | (1.0 to 2.80) |
| Duration between water break and delivery of baby (hours) | ||||
| Mean (SE) | 12.3 (0.7) | 27.8 (4.6) | 1.03 | (1.02 to 1.03) |
| Slits/window in the kitchen | ||||
| Yes | 909 (94.4) | 283 (90.7) | 1 | |
| No | 54 (5.6) | 29 (9.3) | 1.72 | (1.11 to 2.76) |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| No | 728 (75.6) | 180 (57.7) | 1 | |
| Yes | 235 (24.4) | 132 (42.3) | 2.27 | (1.73 to 2.97) |