Table 3

Papers that met inclusion criteria that investigated psychological impact of WAD

Author and year of publication
Quality score		WAD (N)
Females
Mean age		Control (N)
Females
Mean age		Control type
Mean time since MVC		MeasurePsychological injury or symptom
Lee et al (1993)
3/5		32
32 (F)
35 years		15
15 (F)
34 years		Minor symptoms
18.5 months		State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression InventoryState anxiety
Trait anxiety
Depressive mood
Radanov et al (1996)
4/5		21
18–55 years		21
18–55 years		Recovered
Up to 2 years		Freiburg Personality InventoryDepressed mood
Krogstad et al (1998)
4/5		16
12 (F)
42 years		16
12 (F)
42 years		Facial pain
1–3 years		Symptom Checklist-90Anxiety
Depression
GSI
Wallis et al (1998)
3/5		84
54 (F)		974
Adults		Normative data
>3 months		Symptom Checklist-90Anxiety
Depression
GSI
Peebles et al (2001)
3/5		67
40 years		91
40 years		Low back pain
12 months		Symptom Checklist-90Anxiety
Depression
GSI
Blokhorst et al (2002)
3/5		47
29 (F)
34 years		47
29 (F)
34 years		Healthy matched
>6 months		Symptom Checklist-90Anxiety
Depression
GSI
Mayou and Bryant (2002)
4/5		278
170 (F)
33 years		219
94 (F)
30 years		Other injuries
3 months–3 years		Hospital Anxiety and Depression
PSS scale		Anxiety
Depression
PTSD
Wenzel et al (2002)
4/5		1704
50% (F)
Adult		59 406
50% (F)
Adult		Other injuries
>2 years		Hospital Anxiety and DepressionAnxiety
Depression
Gaab et al (2005)
4/5		20
10 (F)
36 years		20
10 (F)
36 years		Healthy matched
>6 months		Hospital Anxiety and DepressionAnxiety
Depression
Guéz et al (2005)
3/5		19
14 (F)
41 years		21
14 (F)
43 years		Neck pain
and norms (N=500)
6 years		Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2Depression
Hours et al (2014)
4/5		171
107 (F)
Adult		207
81 (F)
Adult		Mild injuries
12 months		PTSD Checklist ScalePTSD

  • In quality score, higher scores indicate higher quality.

  • F, females; GSI, Global Severity Index; MVC, motor vehicle crash; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; WAD, whiplash-associated disorder.