Characteristics of the study population by dipping status
| Variable | Dipper | Non-dipper | Reverse dipper | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n | 177 | 370 | 171 | |
| WCH, n (15.60%) | 50 (44.64%) | 53 (47.32%) | 9 (8.03%) | <0.001 |
| SH, n (84.40%) | 127 (20.95%) | 317 (52.31) | 162 (26.73%) | <0.001 |
| Age, year | 56.08±14.50 | 58.79±13.54 | 64.91±11.97*† | <0.001 |
| Male/female, n | 100/77 | 200/170 | 90/81 | 0.761 |
| Current smokers, n, % | 42 (23.73) | 118 (31.89) | 55 (32.16) | 0.115 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n, % | 36 (20.34) | 95 (25.68) | 58 (33.92)* | 0.015 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.12±1.90 | 5.21±1.43 | 5.85±3.02*† | 0.006 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.23±1.90 | 1.82±1.25* | 1.63±1.20* | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.74±1.03 | 4.58±0.93 | 4.63±1.09 | 0.212 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.22±0.30 | 1.25±0.35 | 1.27±0.34 | 0.383 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.86±0.15 | 2.66±0.81* | 2.72±0.88 | 0.050 |
| VLD-C, mmol/L | 0.70±0.57 | 0.67±0.53 | 0.65±0.58 | 0.728 |
| 24 hour Mean SBP, ABPM, mm Hg | 134.16±13.28 | 135.44±13.79 | 137.23±15.72* | 0.127 |
| Mean SBP awakening, mm Hg | 138.09±13.79 | 136.98±13.94 | 135.87±15.23 | 0.347 |
| Mean SBP bedtime, mm Hg | 118.31±14.49 | 129.78±13.75* | 142.52±16.84*† | <0.001 |
| 24 hour Mean DBP, ABPM, mm Hg | 79.44±11.79 | 80.00±10.08 | 79.11±10.04 | 0.628 |
| Mean DBP-awakening, mm Hg | 82.53±10.82 | 81.02±10.10 | 78.86±9.98*† | 0.004 |
| Mean DBP-bedtime, mm Hg | 69.49±10.03 | 75.20±10.05* | 79.94±10.93*† | <0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.06±0.36 | 1.12±0.59 | 1.19±0.53* | 0.062 |
*Indicated control with dipper group p<0.05.
†Indicated control with non-dipper group p<0.05.
ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SH, sustained hypertension (office BP≥140/90 with high ABPM measurements); VLD-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WCH, white coat hypertension (office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg with normal ABPM measurements).