Determinants of regular smoking initiation for females (ORs)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logit | Logit | Split population | Logit | Logit | |
| Price of cigarettes | 0.994 | 0.995 | 1.004 | 0.982 | 0.982 |
| (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
| Rural | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Urban | 1.500*** | 1.555*** | 1.702*** | 1.604*** | 1.511** |
| (0.143) | (0.144) | (0.085) | (0.311) | (0.290) | |
| Parents: primary/no education | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Parents: incomplete secondary education | 1.088 | 1.059 | 1.072 | 1.083 | 1.104 |
| (0.093) | (0.087) | (0.076) | (0.163) | (0.167) | |
| Parents: complete secondary education | 1.100 | 1.033 | 1.100 | 1.222 | 1.296 |
| (0.147) | (0.134) | (0.155) | (0.328) | (0.357) | |
| Parents: at least some tertiary education | 1.294* | 1.199 | 1.211 | 1.298 | 1.522 |
| (0.190) | (0.172) | (0.144) | (0.331) | (0.394) | |
| Illiterate | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Literate | 0.614*** | 0.584*** | 0.529*** | 0.716* | 0.750 |
| (0.058) | (0.053) | (0.089) | (0.136) | (0.143) | |
| Mother alive when respondent was 15 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Mother died before respondent was 15 | 1.355** | 1.302* | 1.113 | 1.981 | 1.819 |
| (0.211) | (0.195) | (0.160) | (0.856) | (0.788) | |
| Confidence in the economy | 0.995 (0.008) | 0.988 (0.088) | 0.984 (0.007) | 0.972 (0.024) | 0.974 (0.024) |
| Neither parent has ever smoked | 1.000 | ||||
| Either parent was ever a smoker | 2.064*** | ||||
| (0.431) | |||||
| Duration dependency (temporal dummies) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Duration dependency (fourth-order polynomial) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controls for race | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Controls for duration dependency and race group interactions | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Number of individuals | 9920 | 9920 | 9920 | 1986 | 1986 |
| Number of person-period observations | 159 818 | 161 071 | 161 071 | 25 546 | 25 546 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.232 | 0.236 | 0.241 | 0.245 | |
| Price elasticity of initiation | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.28 | −0.28 |
Source: National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) wave 1 (2008), wave 2 (2010) and wave 3 (2012).
*p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01.