1. Understanding |
Information Intervention/simple task Challenge Evaluation Guide/feedback
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Increase self-efficacy to reduce psychological stress and confidence in exercises by education. Initiate gentle exercise for maintain/improve neck stability and mobility. Promote self-management psychological and physical management.
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Increase self-efficacy using physiotherapist provided verbal persuasion with the aim of reducing psychological stress and confidence in exercises by whiplash education. Initiate gentle exercises and home programmes including challenge for neck stability and mobility exercises (eg, isometric neck exercises, chin in and active CROM with pain free). Promote self-management to include psychological (eg, stress management and relaxation techniques) and physical (eg, pain reduction and physical functions) aspects. Other physiotherapy programmes based on clinical reasoning.
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2. Maturity |
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Increase self-efficacy to reduce psychological stress and confidence in exercises. Exercises for neck and shoulder stability and mobility. Promote self-management for pain and physical functions.
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Increase self-efficacy (reduce psychological stress and improve confidence in performing exercises)
Performance accomplishment (eg, relieve pain and increase CROM); Verbal persuasion (eg, further whiplash education/feedback when patients need, continue exercises with challenge); Increase emotional stages with good relationship.
Exercises+home programmes including challenge for neck and shoulder stability and mobility exercise (eg, resisted neck and shoulder, and AROM exercises). Promote self-management for pain and physical functions (psychological management when patients need). Other physiotherapy programmes based on clinical reasoning.
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3. Stamina |
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Increase/maintain self-efficacy to make confidence in self-management and exercises. Progressive exercises for stability and mobility. Promote self-management for physical functions.
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Increase/maintain self-efficacy for self-management and exercises
Performance accomplishment (eg, relieve pain, increase CROM, improve physical functions); Verbal persuasion (eg, guide/feedback, continue exercises with challenge); Increase/maintain emotional stages with good relationship.
Progressive exercises+home programmes including challenge for strengthening and ROM exercises. Promote self-management for physical functions. Other physiotherapy programmes based on clinical reasoning.
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4. Coping |
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Maintain/increase self-efficacy for self-management and exercises. Promote self-management for physical functions. Facilitate long-term goal for healthy lifestyle.
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Maintain/increase self-efficacy
Performance accomplishment (eg, physical functions); Verbal persuasion (eg, guide/feedback, continue exercises with challenge to be a healthy lifestyle person); Increase/maintain emotional stages with good relationship.
Home programmes for strengthening and ROM exercises. Promote self-management for physical functions. Facilitate the adoption/maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. Other physiotherapy programmes based on clinical reasoning.
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