Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Year | n (B/C) | Method of administration | Concentration (%) | Dose | Epinephrine | Intra-articular injection time | Type of surgery | Type of anaesthesia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al13 | 2014 | 96 (48/48) | Single-dose injection | 0.50 | 60 mL | No | After closure of the joint capsule | Total hip arthroplasty | General anaesthesia |
| Weston-Simons et al14 | 2012 | 42 (22/20) | Single-dose injection | 0.50 | 20 mL | No | 24 hours postoperatively | Unicompartmental knee replacement | General anaesthesia |
| Shen et al10 | 2015 | 36 (20/16) | Single-dose injection | 0.50 | 60 mL | No | After closure of the surgical wound | Total knee arthroplasty | General anaesthesia |
| Ritter et al20 | 1999 | 211 (114/97) | Single-dose injection | 0.25 | 10 mL | No | After closure of the surgical wound | Total knee arthroplasty | General anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia |
| Mauerhan et al21 | 1997 | 51 (24/27) | Single-dose injection | 0.17 | 30 mL | No | After closure of the surgical wound | Total knee arthroplasty | Spinal anaesthesia |
| Browne et al22 | 2004 | 60 (30/30) | Single-dose injection | 0.50 | 20 mL | Yes | After closure of the joint capsule | Total knee arthroplasty | Not mentioned |
| Badner et al25 | 1996 | 54 (27/27) | Single-dose injection | 0.50 | 30 mL | Yes | After closure of the surgical wound | Total knee arthroplasty | General anaesthesia |
| Williams et al17 | 2013 | 45 (21/24) | Continuous injection | 0.50 | 2 mL/hour | No | Continuous infection 48 hours postoperatively | Total knee arthroplasty | Spinal anaesthesia |
| Chen et al13 | 2010 | 91 (45/46) | Single-dose+continuous injection | 0.50 | 2 mL/hour | No | Continuous infection 48 hours postoperatively | Total hip arthroplasty | General anaesthesia |
| Nechleba et al19 | 2005 | 30 (14/16) | Continuous injection | 0.25 | 4.16 mL/hour | No | Continuous infection 24 hours postoperatively | Total knee arthroplasty | Not mentioned |
| Goyal et al15 | 2013 | 150 (75/75) | Continuous injection | 0.50 | 5 mL/hour | Continuous infection 48 hours postoperatively | Total knee arthroplasty | Spinal anaesthesia |
B, bupivacaine; C, control; n, number of patients per group.