Table 2

ORs (95% CI) and relative risks (RR) (95% CI) for use of pain relief and obstetric interventions when comparing the experimental programme with standard lectures

ExperimentalControlAdjusted OR (95% CI)*p Value*Crude OR (95% CI)p ValueCrude RR (95% CI)p Value
Pain relief
 Epidural analgesia265/858
30.9%		248/853
29.1%		1.10 (0.87 to 1.34)0.411.09 (0.89 to 1.34)0.411.07 (0.92 to 1.24)0.37
 Pudendal nerve block79/858
9.2%		64/853
7.5%		1.25 (0.89 to 1.77)0.201.25 (0.89 to 1.76)0.201.23 (0.90 to 1.68)0.19
 Water immersion157/858
18.3%		148/853
17.4%		1.07 (0.83 to 1.37)0.611.07 (0.83 to 1.37)0.601.06 (0.86 to 1.30)0.57
 Acupuncture115/858
13.4%		116/853
13.6%		0.98 (0.74 to 1.30)0.900.98 (0.75 to 1.30)0.910.99 (0.78 to 1.26)0.94
 Intracutaneous sterile water injection74/858
8.6%		80/853
9.4%		0.91 (0.65 to 1.27)0.580.91 (0.66 to 1.27)0.590.93 (0.68 to 1.25)0.61
 Morphine62/858
7.2%		48/853
5.6%		1.31 (0.89 to 1.94)0.181.31 (0.89 to 1.93)0.181.29 (0.90 to 1.86)0.17
 Nitrous oxide4/858
0.5%		8/853
0.9%		0.50 (0.15 to 1.66)0.250.50 (0.15 to 1.65)0.250.50 (0.15 to 1.65)0.26
Obstetric interventions
 Vacuum extraction132/858
15.4%		127/853
14.9%		1.04 (0.80 to 1.36)0.781.03 (0.80 to 1.35)0.781.04 (0.83 to 1.30)0.74
 Emergency caesarean section149/858
17.4%		147/853
17.2%		1.01 (0.78 to 1.30)0.941.01 (0.79 to 1.30)0.941.01 (0.82 to 1.25)0.90
 Elective caesarean section34/858
4.0%		42/853
4.9%		0.80 (0.50 to 1.27)0.340.80 (0.50 to 1.27)0.340.81 (0.52 to 1.26)0.35

  • Analyses are based on the modified intention-to-treat population (N=1711).

  • *Adjusted for trial stratification variables: vulnerability and parity.