Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and medications used in patients with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
| Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | 1st year (n=68) | 2nd year (n=67) | 3rd year (n=67) | 4th year (n=67) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smokers, n (%) | 16 (23.5) | 16 (25.0) | 15 (22.4) | 15(22.4) | 0.733 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 8 (11.8) | 8 (12.5) | 9 (13.4) | 9 (13.4) | 0.392 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.0) | 2 (3.0) | 1.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1±5.0 | 29.7±5.3 | 29.8±5.4 | 29.8±5.4 | 0.243 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.9±12.7 | 101.6±13.7 | 102.1±13.6 | 102.5±13.1 | 0.453 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.5±34.0 | 185.8±37.1 | 182.4±26.5 | 176.94±31.1 | 0.065 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.9±68.3 | 141.6±76.0 | 142.9±75.4 | 139.1±70.8 | 0.913 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.6±28.5 | 108.0±28.9 | 102.3±25.6 | 100.7±28.0 | 0.089 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)§ | 48.6±11.7 | 48.5±12.1 | 51.6±13.8 | 50.5±12.4 | 0.035 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 126.7±35.3 | 132.5±45.8 | 129.1±44.6 | 127.4±35.7 | 0.538 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.96±1.17 | 7.0±1.32 | 7.0±1.06 | 6.9±1.08 | 0.433 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51±12.78 | 53±14.52 | 53±11.56 | 52±11.83 | 0.448 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.29±2.73 | 3.30±3.80 | 2.61±4.42 | 3.12±2.51 | 0.062 |
| hs-c-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.34±0.51 | 0.31±0.42 | 0.31±0.52 | 0.33±0.69 | 0.465 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 337.2±61.2 | 365.8±93.2 | 350.9±73.5 | 339.9±74.7 | 0.064 |
| Office SBP (mm Hg) | 136.1±19.1 | 132.49±18.8 | 134.8±18.1 | 133.4±18.2 | 0.536 |
| Office DBP (mm Hg)*,‡,||,§ | 82.6±11.6 | 78.9±9.8 | 79.2±9.1 | 75.3±10.3 | <0.01 |
| Mean antihypertensive drugs† | 1.51±1.16 | 1.60±1.21 | 1.84±1.27 | 1.75±1.31 | 0.012 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 51 (76.1) | 51 (76.1) | 55 (82.1) | 52 (77.6) | 0.187 |
| Mean lipid-lowering drugs | 0.70±0.55 | 0.70±0.55 | 0.79±0.57 | 0.81±0.56 | 0.037 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 44 (65.7) | 44 (65.7) | 48 (71.6) | 49 (73.1) | 0.274 |
| Mean antidiabetic drugs†,§ | 1.36±0.73 | 1.34±0.75 | 1.55±0.8 | 1.42±0.76 | 0.018 |
| Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 62 (92.5) | 61 (91.0) | 64 (95.5) | 63 (94.0) | 0.463 |
| Patients with metabolic syndrome | 1st year (n=44) | 2nd year (n=43) | 3rd year (n=43) | 4th year (n=43) | p Value |
| Smokers, n (%) | 9 (20.5) | 9 (20.9) | 4 (9.3) | 4 (9.3) | 0.007 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 2 (4.5) | 2 (4.7) | 2 (4.7) | 2 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.392 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1±3.5 | 30.8±4.1 | 31.1±4.1 | 30.6±3.6 | 0.183 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104.8±9.8 | 104.8±9.0 | 105.7±9.6 | 103.6±9.7 | 0.059 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 219.0±44.2 | 208.5±41.3 | 206.0±38.0 | 198.4±28.8 | 0.012 |
| Triglycerides(mg/dL) | 167.7±53.1 | 151.0±83.7 | 155.5±106.1 | 149.9±147.8 | 0.761 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 140.3±39.7 | 130.6±35.9 | 126.0±34.8 | 123.1±27.3 | 0.017 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)†,‡,§ | 45.2±11.0 | 47.4±11.4 | 50.1±11.7 | 49.7±10.8 | <0.01 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 92.67±11.8 | 88.9±12.5 | 90.7±14.3 | 89.6±12.9 | 0.190 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6±0.67 | 5.8±0.32 | 5.8±0.32 | 5.7±0.42 | 0.169 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37±7.30 | 38±3.46 | 39±3.52 | 39±4.63 | 0.130 |
| HOMA-IR* | 2.98±1.82 | 2.22±1.30 | 2.21±1.37 | 2.51±1.64 | 0.007 |
| hs-c-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.26±0.21 | 0.27±0.25 | 0.39±0.42 | 0.22±0.19 | 0.107 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL)† | 327.1±59.1 | 345.2±66.6 | 368.1±74.4 | 347.7±51.9 | 0.001 |
| Office SBP (mm Hg)*,‡,¶ | 142.4±12.5 | 135.0±15.5 | 136.5±13.2 | 129.6±12.3 | <0.01 |
| Office DBP (mm Hg)‡,||,¶ | 88.6±9.6 | 84.9±10.3 | 84.9±10.9 | 79.2±8.2 | <0.01 |
| Mean antihypertensive drugs*,†,‡ | 0.77±0.10 | 1.37±1.20 | 1.42±1.22 | 1.49±0.94 | <0.01 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)*,†,‡ | 20 (46.5) | 31 (72.1) | 30 (69.8) | 36 (83.7) | <0.01 |
| Mean lipid-lowering drugs†,‡ | 0.30±0.46 | 0.44±0.55 | 0.51±0.59 | 0.51±0.55 | 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)‡ | 13 (30.2) | 19 (44.2) | 20 (46.5) | 21 (48.8) | 0.003 |
Data for qualitative variables are expressed as n: number (%) and for quantitative variables as mean±SD.
*p<0.05 between first and second year.
†p<:0.05 between first and third year.
‡p<0.05 between first and fourth year.
§p<0.05 between second and third year.
||p<0.05 between second and fourth year.
¶p<0.05 between third and fourth year.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.