Changes in target organ damage and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
| 1st year (n=68) | 2nd year (n=67) | 3rd year (n=67) | 4th year (n=67) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | |||||
| Vascular | |||||
| Carotid IMT average (mm)‡,||,¶ | 0.76±0.12 | 0.76±0.10 | 0.76±0.13 | 0.80±0.12 | <0.01 |
| Carotid IMT average >0.90 mm, n (%) | 5 (7.6) | 4 (6.0) | 6 (9.0) | 10 (14.9) | 0.021 |
| Carotid IMT maxima average (mm)‡,||,¶ | 0.94±0.14 | 0.94±0.13 | 0.92±0.15 | 0.99±0.15 | <0.01 |
| Carotid IMT maxima average >0.90 mm, n (%) | 40 (61.5) | 36 (53.7) | 34 (50.7) | 43 (64.2) | 0.067 |
| Plaques carotid, n (%) | 16 (23.9) | 15 (22.4) | 20 (29.9) | 24 (35.8) | 0.016 |
| ABI*,†,|| | 1.11±0.13 | 1.20±0.12 | 1.18±0.13 | 1.15±0.12 | <0.01 |
| PWV (m/s) | 9.59±2.32 | 9.78±2.50 | 9.84±2.47 | 10.22±2.81 | 0.219 |
| CAIx | 30.44±9.33 | 28.24±11.56 | 2416±13.74 | 27.27±12.38 | 0.151 |
| PAIx | 96.05±21.00 | 82.59±19.44 | 94.94±23.94 | 93.58±28.98 | 0.744 |
| Renal | |||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.86±0.17 | 0.86±0.21 | 0.83±0.20 | 0.87±0.23 | 0.092 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.50±18.15 | 92.01±20.70 | 94.69±20.48 | 89.64±21.20 | 0.081 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 35.26±83.19 | 33.51±74.36 | 37.62±115.57 | 50.95±159.81 | 0.246 |
| Heart | |||||
| Cornell VDP (mm/ms) | 1648.15±659.62 | 1584.79±522.69 | 1658.15±665.41 | 1657.46±722.40 | 0.822 |
| Sokolow (mm/ms)§ | 19.28±6.08 | 18.56±6.09 | 20.39±6.24 | 19.150±6.39 | 0.008 |
| Patients with metabolic syndrome | |||||
| Vascular | |||||
| Carotid IMT average (mm) | 0.75±0.12 | 0.76±0.12 | 0.73±0.10 | 0.74±0.11 | 0.177 |
| Carotid IMT average >0.90 mm, n (%)†,§ | 4 (9.5) | 4 (9.3) | 2 (4.7) | 3 (7.0) | 0.300 |
| Carotid IMT maxima average (mm) | 0.93±0.15 | 0.93±0.15 | 0.89±0.12 | 0.92±0.15 | 0.109 |
| Carotid IMT maxima average >0.90 mm, n (%) | 23 (53.5) | 23 (53.5) | 15 (34.9) | 19 (44.2) | 0.019 |
| Plaques carotid, n (%) | 3 (7.0) | 3 (7.0) | 5 (11.6) | 8 (18.6) | 0.014 |
| ABI† | 1.12±0.12 | 1.17±0.09 | 1.20±0.11 | 1.17±0.08 | 0.006 |
| PWV (m/s) | 9.29±2.70 | 8.57±2.22 | 8.90±2.08 | 8.61±2.02 | 0.068 |
| CAIx | 28.65±11.00 | 25.98±10.54 | 26.12±11.36 | 26.81±14.51 | 0.290 |
| PAIx | 94.55±29.51 | 90.56±20.60 | 91.08±25.95 | 89.90±22.51 | 0.453 |
| Renal | |||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.89±0.16 | 0.90±0.19 | 0.87±0.18 | 0.87±0.16 | 0.164 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)§,|| | 87.64±14.05 | 87.33±18.75 | 91.24±18.17 | 90.29±17.75 | 0.252 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 15.81±38.23 | 28.33±133.22 | 4.68±10.15 | 4.08±7.23 | 0.297 |
| Heart | |||||
| Cornell VDP (mm/ms)* | 1477.67±459.16 | 1661.89±536.98 | 1616.19±539.66 | 1521.41±500.32 | 0.004 |
| Sokolow (mm/ms)§,|| | 20.82±5.83 | 19.54±5.54 | 21.94±6.19 | 21.37±6.13 | <0.01 |
Data for qualitative variables are expressed as n: number and (%) and quantitative variables as mean±SD.
*p<0.05 between first and second year. †p<:0.05 between first and third year. ‡p<0.05 between first and fourth year.
§p<0.05 between second and third year. ||p<0.05 between second and fourth year.
¶p<0.05 between third and fourth year.
ABI, ankle brachial index; CAIx, central augmentation index; Cornell VDP, Cornell voltage duration product; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IMT, intima media thickness carotid; PAIx, peripheral augmentation index; PWV, pulse wave velocity.