Table 4

Barriers to early presentation for self-discovered symptoms

Themes (reasons for delaying or lateness)Country
  • Symptom interpretation: symptoms interpreted as signs of menstruation and breast feeding, lumpy breast

  • Information from online resources

  • Attribution of symptoms to cancer: rare symptoms (pimple, soft gel patch, scar) expected to be simple explanation

  • Fear of diagnosis and treatment due to fatalistic view of ‘cancer’ and poor knowledge of treatment

  • Fear of hospitalisation

  • Denial

  • Preference for alternative and traditional medicine as the first-line treatment

  • Busy with holiday, festivals, weddings

  • Financial issue

  • Misinformed by relatives

  • Cultural (stigma) and marriage issues

  • Fated because of a family history of cancer

Malaysia and Singapore
Misdiagnosis by healthcare professionalMalaysia