Observational association of interest | Observational estimate, βO† (95% CI) | IV estimate, βIV (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking behaviour | Outcome | ||
Cigarettes per day | Search speed‡ | −0.005* (−0.009 to −0.001) | 0.017 (−0.041 to 0.075) |
Current vs ex-smoker | Grip strength | −0.049** (−0.085 to −0.014) | −0.417 (−1.344 to 0.510) |
Walk speed | −0.129* (−0.242 to −0.016) | −0.411 (−2.008 to 1.186) | |
TUG speedM3 | −0.166**** (−0.249 to −0.082) | −0.941 (−3.937 to 2.055) | |
Chair rise speed | −0.111** (−0.190 to −0.032) | −0.039 (−1.398 to 1.319) | |
NART | −0.174**** (−0.261 to −0.088) | −1.236 (−8.711 to 6.238) | |
Mill Hill | −0.140*** (−0.216 to −0.063) | −2.785 (−7.107 to 1.537) | |
Gf | −0.173**** (−0.221 to −0.124) | 0.029 (−1.394 to 1.453) | |
Semantic fluency | −0.139**** (−0.175 to −0.104) | −0.154 (−1.571 to 1.263) | |
AH4 | −0.139**** (−0.195 to −0.082) | −1.575 (−4.707 to 1.556) | |
Word recall | −0.144*** (−0.222 to −0.067) | 0.247 (−1.045 to 1.538) | |
Search speed‡ | −0.122*** (−0.188 to −0.057) | 0.312 (−1.121 to 1.744) |
As explained in the methods, sample used to calculate observed and IV estimates differs according to the availability of variables.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.
†Observational estimates are model M1 unless stated otherwise.
‡Natural log transformed.
AH4, Alice-Heim 4-I test; Gf, general fluid; IV, instrumental variable; NART, National Adult Reading Test; TUG, timed get up and go.