| Craike21 | 2013 | Qualitative semistructure telephone interview | To gain an in-depth understanding of the physical activity experiences and perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity for patients with MM |
Barriers to physical activity predominately related to the symptoms of MM and side effects of therapy, including pain, fatigue and fear of infection Low self-motivation was also a barrier Women participated in a more diverse range of physical activities than men and there were gender differences in preferred type of physical activity Women were more likely to report psychological and social benefits; whereas men reported physical activity as a way to keep busy and self-motivation was a barrier
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| Coon19 | 2004 | Qualitative—face to face interviews of intervention participants in RCT | The aim of this study was to understand how participants decide when to start, interrupt, stop or resume an exercise programme or adjust the intensity. And to understand what helped or hindered the participants’ ability to do exercises |
Intrinsic factors that facilitated exercise adherence included a belief that exercise would be beneficial, a personal moral/ethical philosophy with regard to honouring a commitment and/or taking responsibility for one's health, and personal strategies such as keeping a routine and setting goals Extrinsic facilitators included having a good support system and receiving prophylactic epoetin alfa
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| Coon20 | 2004 | Qualitative interviews—naturalistic (constructionists) of participants taking part in an exercise programme | To ascertain how patients with MM appraised the experience of participating in a home-based exercise intervention as part of a RCT of prophylactic epoetin alfa with or without exercise |
Patients with MM can safely carry out a home-based exercise programme aimed at reducing cancer-related fatigue Commitment to keeping their promise to exercise helped participants to continue their exercise programme during times when they were not feeling well Encouragement from family and healthcare professionals facilitates adherence to an exercise programme Many participants avoided taking time off from exercise because they had experienced dramatic declines in their strength and stamina after interruptions to their exercise programme However, most patients needed to reduce the exercise intensity or take time off from exercise immediately following chemotherapy
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| Craike26 | 2013 | Cross-sectional survey, including retrospective recall | To examine, for people treated for MM, (1) differences between prediagnosis and postdiagnosis levels of physical activity, (2) perceived barriers and likelihood of attending a physical activity programme and (3) factors that influence whether or not respondents are meeting physical activity guidelines |
Significantly more people were meeting physical activity guidelines prediagnosis (38.9%) than currently (20.1%) The strongest perceived barrier was fatigue (37.8%), followed by injuries (34.2%), pain (28.1%), other health conditions (21.1%) and age-related decline in physical ability (18.5%). Lack of knowledge about physical activities that are safe (19.7%), lack of confidence in physical ability (17.1%) and fear or injury (16.2%) were also reported Perceived barriers relating to interpersonal factors were least likely to be reported as barriers to participation, including nausea (7.9%), cost of exercise (9.2%), no one to exercise with (10.1%), and lack of time (10.1%) When asked how likely they would attend an exercise programme designed for people with MM, 41.1% reported they would be very likely or extremely likely to attend and 41.1% said they would not at all likely or slightly likely to attend Only prediagnosis levels of physical activity significantly predicted current levels of physical activity. Overall, people who participated in sufficient levels of physical activity prior to their diagnosis were 4.79 times more likely to meet physical activity guidelines compared to people who did not meet guidelines prior to diagnosis
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| Jones27 | 2004 | Cross-sectional survey, including retrospective recall | To examine the association between exercise and quality of life in multiple myeloma cancer survivors |
Descriptive analyses indicated that 6.8% and 20.4% of survivors met national exercise guidelines during active and off-treatment periods, respectively Exercise during active treatment and off-treatment were positively associated with overall quality of life
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