Table 2

Psychosocial and self-care outcomes at baseline, and 12 months, by study group

		Intervention group		Control group		Available case analysis
Outcomes	N	Mean±SD	N	Mean±SD	ICC*	Adjusted difference between change scores (95% CI)*	p Value
Psychological distress (K10)
Baseline	362	15.31±6.85	328	14.97±6.24
12 months	305	16.16±6.44	288	17.45±8.12
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		+0.80 (−0.16 to 1.77)		+2.47 (1.39 to 3.55)	0.11	−2.38 (−4.64 to −0.12)	0.039†
Diabetes management self-efficacy (CDMSES)
Baseline	366	159.32±32.99	334	158.96±34.85
12 months	306	156.72±32.68	291	152.75±39.48
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−2.61 (−6.91 to 1.69)		−6.78 (−11.95 to −1.62)	0.26	10.71 (−8.72 to 30.13)	0.280
Diabetes self-care (SDSCA)
General diet
Baseline	368	5.37±1.80	337	5.44±1.85
12 months	305	5.34±1.50	287	5.39±1.56
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		+0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29)		−0.14 (−0.39 to 0.10)	0.22	0.15 (−0.52 to 0.82)	0.665
Specific diet
Baseline	368	4.10±1.51	337	4.37±1.62
12 months	305	4.41±1.24	287	3.93±1.30
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		+0.34 (0.14 to 0.55)		−0.49 (−0.73 to −0.25)	0.15	0.47 (0.13 to 0.80)	0.006
Exercise
Baseline	369	5.27±2.07	337	5.01±2.13
12 months	305	5.07±1.73	287	4.94±2.11
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−0.20 (−0.46 to 0.07)		−0.11 (−0.42 to 0.21)	0.15	−0.12 (−0.78 to 0.54)	0.721
Blood glucose monitoring
Baseline	366	1.46±1.75	336	1.85±1.83
12 months	305	2.45±2.00	287	1.88±1.62
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		+0.87 (0.56 to 1.18)		+0.01 (−0.24 to 0.27)	0.21	0.43 (−0.26 to 1.11)	0.220
Foot care
Baseline	368	4.50±2.79	337	4.46±2.62
12 months	305	4.90±2.31	287	4.58±2.51
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		+0.46 (0.09 to 0.83)		+0.07 (−0.30 to 0.44)	0.10	0.55 (−0.30 to 1.39)	0.205
Quality of life (WHOQoL-BREF)
Physical domain
Baseline	368	62.62±12.92	338	63.31±13.99
12 months	306	60.35±12.21	291	61.41±14.45
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−2.28 (−3.97 to −0.58)		−1.87 (−3.84 to 0.10)	0.10	1.18 (−3.25 to 5.61)	0.601
Psychological domain
Baseline	368	68.87±14.45	336	67.90±16.18
12 months	306	62.56±15.27	290	63.70±15.50
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−5.97 (−8.14 to −3.79)		−4.31 (−6.69 to −1.94)	0.13	0.40 (−4.63 to 5.43)	0.876
Social relationship domain
Baseline	368	64.18±13.95	338	64.82±14.23
12 months	306	63.40±13.57	290	62.67±13.64
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−0.78 (−2.95 to 1.40)		−2.20 (−4.25 to −0.16)	0.13	3.06 (−1.07 to 7.18)	0.147
Environment domain
Baseline	368	65.41±14.53	338	63.72±15.95
12 months	306	63.54±14.69	291	62.69±15.06
Mean change from baseline to 12 months (95% CI)		−1.67 (−3.81 to 0.47)		−1.50 (−3.76 to 0.76)	0.08	1.43 (−3.14 to 6.00)	0.540

CDMSES, Chinese Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale; ICC, Intracluster Correlation Coefficient; K10, Kessler 10; SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities; WHO QoL-BREF, WHO Quality of Life-BREF.
*Differences between groups were estimated by multilevel regression, adjusting for clustering and baseline covariates of age group (less than 60 years/60 years or above), gender (male/female), chronic comorbidity category (diabetes only/diabetes plus other/s), time since diabetes diagnosis (<5 years/5–9 years/10–14 years/15 years or more), education level (primary school or less/secondary or high school/tertiary education) and residential address socioeconomic status (developed areas/developing areas/less developed areas).
†Multiple imputation for missing dependent variable values produced the same results.