Individual-level, household-level and community-level correlates of adult mortality in Lusaka District, Zambia, 2004–2011
| Level | Stage 1: univariable models | Stage 2: final multivariable model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | MRR | 95% CI | aMRR | 95% CI |
| Community | ||||
| Housing cost | ||||
| Low | 1.64 | 1.38 to 1.94 | 1.28 | 1.06 to 1.54 |
| Medium | 1.10 | 0.91 to 1.34 | 1.11 | 0.91 to 1.35 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Local clinic offers antiretroviral therapy | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.98 to 1.25 | ||
| HIV prevalence (%) | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.03 |
| Season | ||||
| December–March (hot/wet) | 1.36 | 1.15 to 1.61 | 1.35 | 1.14 to 1.60 |
| April–August (cool/dry) | 1.44 | 1.22 to 1.71 | 1.44 | 1.22 to 1.71 |
| September–November (hot/dry) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Household | ||||
| Religion | ||||
| None | 1.45 | 0.78 to 2.68 | ||
| Pentecostal | 1.00 | |||
| Protestant | 1.20 | 1.02 to 1.43 | ||
| Catholic | 1.13 | 0.94 to 1.36 | ||
| Other | 1.00 | 0.85 to 1.31 | ||
| Tribe | ||||
| Bemba | 1.00 | |||
| Tonga | 1.12 | 0.94 to 1.33 | ||
| Nsenga | 1.16 | 1.00 to 1.34 | ||
| None/other | 1.01 | 0.77 to 1.32 | ||
| Head's education (years) | 0.93 | 0.92 to 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.93 to 0.96 |
| Head's functional status | ||||
| Healthy | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Sick/bedridden/other | 1.36 | 1.24 to 1.49 | 1.19 | 1.07 to 1.32 |
| Head's comprehensive knowledge of HIV | ||||
| No | 1.33 | 1.17 to 1.52 | 1.19 | 1.04 to 1.36 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Head's social support | ||||
| Very satisfied | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Somewhat satisfied | 1.05 | 0.91 to 1.23 | ||
| Somewhat dissatisfied | 1.19 | 0.99 to 1.44 | ||
| Very dissatisfied | 1.32 | 1.08 to 1.63 | ||
| Household member currently needs nursing care | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.32 | 1.86 to 2.91 | 1.98 | 1.57 to 2.51 |
| Economic status (Z-score) | 0.85 | 0.80 to 0.90 | ||
| Recent in-migration | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.78 | 0.62 to 0.98 | ||
| Individual | ||||
| Male age group (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 20–24 | 1.88 | 1.22 to 2.88 | 1.91 | 1.24 to 2.93 |
| 25–29 | 2.50 | 1.68 to 3.72 | 2.60 | 1.74 to 3.88 |
| 30–34 | 3.52 | 2.40 to 5.16 | 3.70 | 2.52 to 5.43 |
| 35–39 | 3.99 | 2.70 to 5.89 | 4.16 | 2.82 to 6.15 |
| 40–44 | 5.66 | 3.77 to 8.51 | 5.99 | 3.98 to 9.01 |
| 45–49 | 6.18 | 3.95 to 9.69 | 6.25 | 3.99 to 9.80 |
| 50–54 | 6.11 | 3.84 to 9.74 | 5.99 | 3.76 to 9.56 |
| 55–59 | 6.43 | 3.91 to 10.57 | 5.98 | 3.63 to 9.86 |
| Female age group (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1.09 | 0.70 to 1.69 | 1.12 | 0.72 to 1.74 |
| 20–24 | 1.46 | 0.98 to 2.20 | 1.52 | 1.01 to 2.29 |
| 25–29 | 2.32 | 1.59 to 3.37 | 2.46 | 1.69 to 3.58 |
| 30–34 | 3.48 | 2.36 to 5.13 | 3.54 | 2.40 to 5.23 |
| 35–39 | 3.97 | 2.66 to 5.92 | 4.07 | 2.72 to 6.08 |
| 40–44 | 3.70 | 2.39 to 5.73 | 3.71 | 2.40 to 5.74 |
| 45–49 | 2.48 | 1.52 to 4.04 | 2.37 | 1.45 to 3.88 |
| 50–54 | 5.12 | 3.15 to 8.34 | 4.68 | 2.86 to 7.64 |
| 55–59 | 5.54 | 3.20 to 9.58 | 4.83 | 2.78 to 8.40 |
aMRR, adjusted mortality rate ratio; CI, confidence interval; MRR, mortality rate ratio.