Total pooled | Rural | Urban | Slum | Combination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor* | N | Proportion, 95% CI | N | Proportion, 95% CI | N | Proportion, 95% CI | N | Proportion, 95% CI | N | Proportion, 95% CI |
Aware of menarche | 88 | 0.48, 0.43 to 0.53 | 39 | 0.45, 0.38 to 0.51 | 37 | 0.53, 0.44 to 0.62 | 5 | 0.26, 0.20 to 0.33 | 7 | 0.60, 0.52 to 0.68 |
Information source on menarche among girls aware of menarche | ||||||||||
Mother | 43 | 0.52, 0.47 to 0.57 | 15 | 0.52, 0.43 to 0.61 | 18 | 0.50, 0.41 to 0.60 | 4 | 0.59, 0.52 to 0.65 | 5 | 0.55, 0.47 to 0.63 |
Friends | 37 | 0.27, 0.22 to 0.32 | 12 | 0.32, 0.23 to 0.42 | 15 | 0.24, 0.17 to 0.32 | 3 | 0.20, 0.14 to 0.26 | 5 | 0.26, 0.16 to 0.37 |
Relative† | 26 | 0.18, 0.15 to 0.21 | 10 | 0.15, 0.09 to 0.23 | 14 | 0.19, 0.14 to 0.25 | 4 | 0.15, 0.03 to 0.31 | 4 | 0.23, 0.17 to 0.28 |
Teacher | 25 | 0.12, 0.07 to 0.17 | 8 | 0.11, 0.05 to 0.20 | 12 | 0.13, 0.05 to 0.23 | 2 | 0.15, 0.09 to 0.21 | 3 | 0.07, 0.03 to 0.11 |
Media‡ | 17 | 0.15, 0.09 to 0.22 | 6 | 0.17, 0.06 to 0.31 | 9 | 0.16, 0.06 to 0.28 | 0 | 2 | 0.08, 0.00 to 0.25 | |
Health worker | 4 | 0.18, 0.00 to 0.63 | 1 | 0.01, 0.00 to 0.06 | 2 | 0.42, 0.00 to 1.00 | 1 | 0.06, 0.01 to 0.19 | 0 | |
Knowledge on menstruation and perception | ||||||||||
Uterus is a source of bleeding | 43 | 0.23, 0.16 to 0.30 | 26 | 0.19, 0.12 to 0.27 | 11 | 0.35, 0.18 to 0.54 | 3 | 0.17, 0.06 to 0.31 | 3 | 0.23, 0.03 to 0.52 |
Menstruation is a normal phenomenon | 54 | 0.55, 0.47 to 0.63 | 25 | 0.53, 0.39 to 0.66 | 23 | 0.63, 0.51 to 0.73 | 4 | 0.43, 0.30 to 0.56 | 2 | 0.25, 0.13 to 0.38 |
Resources on menstruation among participants | ||||||||||
Mother | 41 | 0.54, 0.45 to 0.63 | 17 | 0.53, 0.41 to 0.64 | 17 | 0.58, 0.44 to 0.70 | 4 | 0.49, 0.10 to 0.90 | 3 | 0.45, 0.05 to 0.90 |
Friend | 35 | 0.24, 0.18 to 0.30 | 16 | 0.25, 0.19 to 0.32 | 15 | 0.18, 0.11 to 0.26 | 2 | 0.24, 0.00 to 0.77 | 2 | 0.56, 0.07 to 0.98 |
Relative† | 31 | 0.14, 0.10 to 0.19 | 13 | 0.14, 0.10 to 0.19 | 13 | 0.16, 0.08 to 0.25 | 2 | 0.24, 0.11 to 0.40 | 3 | 0.06, 0.02 to 0.13 |
Teacher | 23 | 0.08, 0.05 to 0.11 | 10 | 0.11, 0.05 to 0.19 | 9 | 0.05, 0.03 to 0.08 | 2 | 0.10, 0.08 to 0.12 | 2 | 0.04, 0.02 to 0.07 |
Media‡ | 24 | 0.10, 0.06 to 0.15 | 11 | 0.07, 0.03 to 0.11 | 10 | 0.14, 0.07 to 0.22 | 1 | 0.33, 0.30 to 0.37 | 2 | 0.08, 0.00 to 0.30 |
Health worker | 8 | 0.08, 0.05 to 0.12 | 5 | 0.09, 0.05 to 0.15 | 2 | 0.08, 0.05 to 0.13 | 1 | 0.04, 0.02 to 0.08 | 0 |
*Other subgroup analyses and meta-regression for factors in this table: See online supplement S2, tables S2.2 and S2.3. For forest plots, see online supplement S3.
†Sisters or other relative.
‡Books, movies, radio, magazines and internet.