Factors associated with prior HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico
| No prior HIV testing (N=56) | Prior HIV testing (N=133) | Univariate RDS-weighted* | Multivariate RDS-weighted† (N=176) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%)‡ | n | (%)‡ | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 27.7 | (9.2) | 30.2 | (8.3) | 1.04 | 1.01 to 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.04 to 1.15 |
| Male-identifying | 53 | (94.6) | 121 | (91.7) | 0.28 | 0.06 to 1.32 | ||
| Gay-identifying | 26 | (46.4) | 92 | (69.7) | 3.11 | 1.68 to 5.73 | 3.73 | 1.48 to 9.42 |
| Born in Tijuana | 14 | (25.0) | 46 | (34.6) | 2.26 | 1.10 to 4.62 | 2.68 | 1.05 to 6.86 |
| At least a high school education | 19 | (33.9) | 73 | (54.9) | 2.40 | 1.29 to 4.45 | 2.65 | 1.08 to 6.53 |
| Employed | 27 | (48.2) | 88 | (66.7) | 1.57 | 0.87 to 2.84 | ||
| Monthly income ≥3500 pesos (US$∼280) | 28 | (51.9) | 74 | (58.3) | 1.05 | 0.57 to 1.93 | ||
| Ever incarcerated (jail or prison) | 16 | (29.6) | 37 | (28.9) | 1.15 | 0.60 to 2.19 | ||
| Sexual behaviours | ||||||||
| Exchanged money for sex (≤6 months) | 19 | (33.9) | 28 | (21.4) | 0.42 | 0.21 to 0.82 | 1.28 | 0.49 to 3.37 |
| Number of male sexual partners (≤2 months), mean (SD) | 7.0 | (14.5) | 6.3 | (9.8) | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.04 | ||
| Number of CAI acts (≤2 months), mean (SD) | 6.6 | (18.8) | 8.2 | (23.2) | 0.98 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.92 to 0.98 |
| Relationship to male sexual partners (≤2 months) | ||||||||
| Spouse or live-in partner | 12 | (24.0) | 34 | (26.6) | 1.02 | 0.51 to 2.02 | ||
| Steady non-live-in partner | 37 | (69.8) | 81 | (64.3) | 0.88 | 0.47 to 1.66 | ||
| Casual partner | 29 | (53.7) | 69 | (54.8) | 0.95 | 0.52 to 1.72 | ||
| Anonymous partner | 18 | (37.5) | 44 | (37.6) | 0.69 | 0.36 to 1.34 | ||
| Venues visited to meet male sexual partners (≤2 months) | ||||||||
| Bar, nightclub or disco | 15 | (28.9) | 36 | (27.9) | 0.59 | 0.29 to 1.20 | ||
| Bathhouse or sauna | 7 | (12.5) | 13 | (9.9) | 0.33 | 0.12 to 0.94 | 0.33 | 0.08 to 1.43 |
| Adult movie theatre | 5 | (9.1) | 11 | (8.4) | 0.62 | 0.14 to 2.71 | ||
| Dark room | 7 | (12.7) | 11 | (8.4) | 0.19 | 0.05 to 0.71 | 0.31 | 0.06 to 1.74 |
| Internet café | 7 | (12.7) | 9 | (6.8) | 0.88 | 0.34 to 2.31 | ||
| Public place (eg, park, restroom, bus) | 13 | (24.1) | 23 | (17.6) | 0.56 | 0.23 to 1.35 | ||
| Substance use | ||||||||
| Illicit drug use (lifetime) | ||||||||
| Marijuana | 29 | (52.7) | 66 | (49.6) | 0.56 | 0.31 to 1.03 | ||
| Methamphetamine | 21 | (38.2) | 32 | (24.1) | 1.18 | 0.61 to 2.27 | ||
| Cocaine | 14 | (25.5) | 38 | (28.8) | 1.30 | 0.69 to 2.48 | ||
| Amyl nitrite (poppers) | 5 | (9.1) | 27 | (20.3) | 2.76 | 1.01 to 7.53 | 2.32 | 0.49 to 10.96 |
| Heroin | 5 | (9.1) | 10 | (7.5) | 2.07 | 0.62 to 6.90 | ||
| Illicit drug use (≤1 month) | ||||||||
| Marijuana | 19 | (34.6) | 38 | (28.8) | 0.74 | 0.40 to 1.39 | ||
| Methamphetamine | 18 | (32.7) | 23 | (17.3) | 0.77 | 0.38 to 1.55 | ||
| Cocaine | 5 | (9.1) | 11 | (8.3) | 0.44 | 0.16 to 1.20 | ||
| Amyl nitrite (poppers) | 2 | (3.6) | 9 | (6.8) | 9.43 | 0.64 to 138.01 | ||
| Heroin | 4 | (7.3) | 6 | (4.5) | 2.54 | 0.52 to 12.43 | ||
| Any injection drug use (≤1 month) | 4 | (7.4) | 5 | (4.0) | 2.50 | 0.50 to 12.43 | ||
| Hazardous alcohol consumption (≤12 months) | 22 | (40.0) | 54 | (40.9) | 0.49 | 0.26 to 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.32 to 1.89 |
| Any drug use before/during sex (≤2 months) | 8 | (15.1) | 15 | (11.8) | 1.05 | 0.40 to 2.76 | ||
| Any alcohol use before/during sex (≤2 months) | 20 | (36.4) | 55 | (42.0) | 0.67 | 0.36 to 1.24 | ||
| History of abuse | ||||||||
| Ever experienced sexual abuse | 11 | (19.6) | 41 | (31.1) | 4.91 | 2.00 to 12.05 | 3.24 | 1.06 to 9.86 |
| Ever experienced physical abuse | 8 | (14.6) | 27 | (20.6) | 2.21 | 0.88 to 5.54 | ||
| Ever experienced emotional abuse | 16 | (29.6) | 46 | (35.4) | 1.67 | 0.85 to 3.28 | ||
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||||
| Social support, mean (SD) | 21.8 | (3.2) | 22.4 | (3.6) | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.13 | ||
| Perceived HIV-related stigma, mean (SD) | 23.4 | (3.9) | 22.5 | (3.9) | 1.01 | 0.94 to 1.09 | ||
| Outness about having sex with men, mean (SD)§ | 4.5 | (2.0) | 5.5 | (1.7) | 1.27 | 1.08 to 1.50 | 1.28 | 1.02 to 1.62 |
| Internalised homophobia, mean (SD)§ | 21.2 | (6.5) | 18.1 | (6.1) | 0.96 | 0.91 to 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.86 to 0.99 |
| HIV/STI knowledge | ||||||||
| HIV/STI counselling or education programme (≤2 months) | 4 | (8.2) | 24 | (18.9) | 1.95 | 0.69 to 5.57 | ||
| HIV knowledge, mean (SD) | 12.3 | (2.9) | 14.1 | (2.3) | 1.29 | 1.14 to 1.46 | 1.10 | 0.93 to 1.31 |
| HIV/STI prevalence | ||||||||
| Tested HIV-positive | 11 | (19.6) | 20 | (15.0) | 1.43 | 0.67 to 3.07 | ||
| Self-reported an STI diagnosis (≤2 months) | 7 | (12.7) | 22 | (16.5) | 1.11 | 0.50 to 2.45 | 0.67 | 0.20 to 2.23 |
*Univariate RDS-weighted ORs=study design adjusted estimates.
†Multivariate RDS-weighted ORs=study design and confounder adjusted estimates.
‡RDS-unadjusted sample estimates.
§Only asked of participants who identify as gay or bisexual; analysis excludes participants who identify as heterosexual.
AOR, adjusted OR; CAI, condomless anal intercourse; RDS, respondent-driven sampling; STI, sexually transmitted infection.