Characteristics of men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico (N=189)
| RDS-unadjusted* | RDS-adjusted† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | % | 95% CI | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (in years) | ||||
| 18–24 | 65 | (34.4) | 38.2 | 27.9 to 48.6 |
| 25–29 | 46 | (24.3) | 22.3 | 14.2 to 30.0 |
| 30–34 | 32 | (16.9) | 14.4 | 8.1 to 22.0 |
| ≥35 | 46 | (24.3) | 25.1 | 17.1 to 35.0 |
| Gender identity | ||||
| Male | 174 | (92.6) | 94.3 | 89.4 to 99.0 |
| Transgender female (male-to-female) | 14 | (7.5) | 5.7 | 1.0 to 10.6 |
| Sexual orientation | ||||
| Homosexual or gay | 118 | (62.8) | 61.1 | 49.6 to 71.5 |
| Bisexual | 64 | (34.0) | 35.7 | 25.9 to 46.8 |
| Heterosexual or straight | 6 | (3.2) | 3.2 | 0.2 to 7.2 |
| Birthplace | ||||
| Tijuana, Mexico | 60 | (31.8) | 31.1 | 21.2 to 41.9 |
| Outside Tijuana in Mexico | 126 | (66.7) | 67.8 | 57.2 to 77.9 |
| USA | 3 | (1.5) | 1.1 | 0.0 to 2.3 |
| At least a high school education | 92 | (48.7) | 48.0 | 37.5 to 60.6 |
| Employed | 115 | (61.2) | 58.2 | 47.6 to 69.2 |
| Monthly income ≥3500 pesos (US$∼280) | 102 | (56.4) | 52.6 | 41.8 to 64.5 |
| Ever incarcerated (jail or prison) | 53 | (29.1) | 32.2 | 20.6 to 42.6 |
| Ever travelled to the USA | 54 | (34.4) | 33.5 | 21.5 to 45.6 |
| Ever deported from the USA | 13 | (8.6) | 3.5 | 0.6 to 8.5 |
| Sexual behaviours | ||||
| Traded sex for money (≤6 months) | 47 | (25.1) | 23.2 | 13.3 to 34.2 |
| Any female sexual partners (≤2 months) | 45 | (30.0) | 32.4 | 23.4 to 52.4 |
| Number of male sexual partners (≤2 months), mean (SD) | 6.5 | (11.3) | – | – |
| Number of CAI acts with male sexual partners (≤2 months), mean (SD) | 7.7 | (21.9) | – | – |
| Relationship to male sexual partners (≤2 months) | ||||
| Spouse or live-in partner | 46 | (25.8) | 30.7 | 19.9 to 43.5 |
| Steady non-live-in partner | 118 | (65.9) | 65.6 | 56.1 to 76.8 |
| Casual partner | 98 | (54.4) | 47.0 | 37.1 to 58.5 |
| Anonymous partner | 62 | (37.6) | 32.5 | 20.1 to 42.1 |
| Venues visited to meet male sexual partners (≤2 months) | ||||
| Bar, nightclub or disco | 51 | (28.2) | 22.3 | 13.6 to 31.5 |
| Bathhouse or sauna | 20 | (10.7) | 8.5 | 3.8 to 14.4 |
| Adult movie theatre | 16 | (8.6) | 4.0 | 1.8 to 6.8 |
| Dark room | 18 | (9.7) | 6.8 | 2.9 to 11.6 |
| Internet café | 16 | (8.6) | 11.3 | 3.9 to 23.7 |
| Public place (eg, park, restroom, bus) | 36 | (19.5) | 11.5 | 5.8 to 18.5 |
| Substance use | ||||
| Illicit drug use (lifetime) | ||||
| Marijuana | 95 | (50.5) | 53.6 | 42.4 to 63.8 |
| Methamphetamine | 53 | (28.2) | 29.5 | 18.9 to 39.7 |
| Cocaine | 52 | (27.8) | 32.2 | 20.9 to 42.8 |
| Amyl nitrite (poppers) | 32 | (17.0) | 15.6 | 8.7 to 26.7 |
| Heroin | 15 | (8.0) | 8.9 | 3.2 to 16.5 |
| Illicit drug use (≤1 month) | ||||
| Marijuana | 57 | (30.5) | 32.4 | 21.6 to 43.4 |
| Methamphetamine | 41 | (21.8) | 22.1 | 12.9 to 31.7 |
| Cocaine | 16 | (8.6) | 9.1 | 3.2 to 17.1 |
| Amyl nitrite (poppers) | 11 | (5.9) | 6.6 | 1.7 to 10.2 |
| Heroin | 10 | (5.3) | 4.8 | 0.7 to 10.5 |
| Any injection drug use (≤1 month) | 9 | (5.0) | 5.0 | 0.7 to 10.8 |
| Hazardous alcohol consumption (≤12 months) | 76 | (40.6) | 33.7 | 24.2 to 44.3 |
| Any drug use before/during sex (≤2 months) | 23 | (12.8) | 10.7 | 5.6 to 18.8 |
| Any alcohol use before/during sex (≤2 months) | 75 | (40.3) | 34.8 | 25.2 to 44.7 |
| History of abuse | ||||
| Ever experienced sexual abuse | 52 | (27.7) | 24.4 | 15.2 to 34.9 |
| Ever experienced physical abuse | 35 | (18.8) | 16.3 | 9.9 to 23.6 |
| Ever experienced emotional abuse | 62 | (33.7) | 30.4 | 21.5 to 41.6 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
| Social support, mean (SD) | 22.2 | (3.5) | – | – |
| Perceived HIV-related stigma, mean (SD) | 22.7 | (3.9) | – | – |
| Outness about having sex with men, mean (SD)‡ | 5.2 | (1.9) | – | – |
| Internalised homophobia, mean (SD)‡ | 19.0 | (6.3) | – | – |
| HIV/STI knowledge | ||||
| HIV/STI counselling or education programme (≤2 months) | 28 | (15.9) | 12.3 | 6.3 to 19.9 |
| HIV knowledge, mean (SD) | 13.5 | (2.6) | – | – |
| HIV/STI prevalence | ||||
| Tested HIV-positive | 31 | (16.4) | 20.2 | 12.2 to 28.8 |
| Self-reported STI diagnosis (≤2 months) | 29 | (15.4) | 17.0 | 9.7 to 25.5 |
| HIV testing history | ||||
| Any prior HIV testing (lifetime) | 133 | (70.4) | 63.5 | 51.9 to 73.5 |
| Recent HIV testing (≤12 months) | 79 | (42.7) | 36.8 | 25.4 to 46.4 |
Numbers may not sum to total due to missing data; percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding or omission of one category for binary variables.
*RDS-unadjusted sample estimates.
†RDS-adjusted population estimates obtained using RDS Analysis Tool v7.1 (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA).
‡Only asked of participants who identify as gay or bisexual.
CAI, condomless anal intercourse; RDS, respondent-driven sampling; STI, sexually transmitted infection.