Table 1

Determinants of level of facility births, caesarean sections using difference in difference modelling in five sub-Saharan African countries to test user fees policy removal (adjusted for other fixed effects)

	Birth in facilities Coefficients/SE	p Value	Caesarean section Coefficients/SE	p Value
No fees	0.248 (0.006)	0.000	0.007 (0.002)	0.001
Country
Burkina Faso	Ref
Cameroon	0.0117 (0.005)	0.025	0.010 (0.002)	0.000
Ghana	−0.164 (0.006)	0.000	0.021 (0.002)	0.000
Nigeria	−0.202 (0.005)	0.000	0.009 (0.002)	0.576
Zambia	−0.148 (0.005)	0.000	0.007 (0.002)	0.002
Period (ref second half 2000s)
First half of 1990s	−0.044 (0.005)	0.000	−0.0047 (0.001)	0.011
Second half of 1990s	−0.0326 (0.004)	0.000	−0.010 (0.001)	0.000
First half of 2000s	−0.0178 (0.0042)	0.000	−0.002 (0.002)	0.013
Education (ref none)
Primary	0.204 (0.004)	0.000	0.006 (0.001)	0.000
Secondary+	0.327 (0.004)	0.000	0.023 (0.002)	0.000
Age (15–19 ref)
20–24	0.0205 (0.006)	0.000	0.006 (0.002)	0.013
25–29	0.0678 (0.006)	0.000	0.019 (0.002)	0.000
30–34	0.091 (0.007)	0.000	0.031 (0.003)	0.000
35–39	0.106 (0.007)	0.000	0.041 (0.003)	0.000
40–44	0.117 (0.008)	0.000	0.044 (0.003)	0.000
45–49	0.107 (0.010)	0.000	0.043 (0.004)	0.000
Residence (rural ref)
Urban	0.159 (0.004)	0.000	0.011 (0.002)	0.000
Children ever born (1 ref)
2	0.0715 (0.004)	0.000	−0.016 (0.002)	0.000
3+	−0.125 (0.005)	0.000	−0.032 (0.002)	0.000
Wealth quintile (poorest ref)
Poor	0.043 (0.004)	0.000	0.001 (0.001)	0.443
Average	0.1255 (0.004)	0.000	0.005 (0.001)	0.000
Rich	0.239 (0.005)	0.000	0.010 (0.002)	0.000
Richest	0.322 (0.006)	0.000	0.031 (0.003)	0.000
Constant	0.289 (0.007)	0.000	0.008 (0.002)	0.002