Estimates of the relationship between postbereavement outcomes and bereavement exposure (sudden natural death as reference category)
| Exposure group | Sudden natural death (n=2106) | Sudden unnatural death (n=712) | Suicide (n=614) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence n (%) | OR (reference) | Prevalence n (%) | Unadjusted OR* (95% CI) | p Value† | Adjusted‡ OR* (95% CI) | p Value† | Prevalence n (%) | Unadjusted OR* (95% CI) | p Value† | Adjusted‡ OR* (95% CI) | p Value† | |
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Postbereavement suicidal ideation | 911 (43) | 1 | 322 (45) | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.25) | 0.670 | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 0.740 | 299 (49) | 1.27 (1.05 to 1.54) | 0.019 | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.39) | 0.237 |
| Postbereavement suicide attempt | 112 (5) | 1 | 42 (6) | 1.09 (0.74 to 1.61) | 0.656 | 1.11 (0.73 to 1.68) | 0.621 | 56 (9) | 1.76 (1.25 to 2.49) | 0.001 | 1.65 (1.12 to 2.42) | 0.012 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Postbereavement non-suicidal self-harm | 438 (20) | 1 | 149 (21) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.25) | 0.980 | 1.06 (0.82 to 1.37) | 0.655 | 151 (25) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.61) | 0.021 | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.66) | 0.066 |
| Postbereavement depression | 647 (31) | 1 | 249 (35) | 1.20 (0.99 to 1.45) | 0.059 | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.53) | 0.071 | 180 (29) | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.15) | 0.553 | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.30) | 0.840 |
| Postbereavement occupational drop-out | 96 (5) | 1 | 44 (6) | 1.41 (0.96 to 2.07) | 0.079 | 1.56 (1.04 to 2.35) | 0.033 | 48 (8) | 1.66 (1.14 to 2.43) | 0.009 | 1.80 (1.20 to 2.71) | 0.005 |
| Poor current social functioning | 557 (27) | 1 | 178 (25) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.11) | 0.354 | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.15) | 0.443 | 200 (33) | 1.41 (1.15 to 1.73) | 0.001 | 1.33 (1.06 to 1.67) | 0.012 |
*Estimate obtained using xtlogit command in Stata.
†Two-sided significance threshold of p=0.05 for primary outcomes, and p=0.01 for secondary outcomes.
‡Adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, prebereavement depression, prebereavement suicide attempt, prebereavement non-suicidal self-harm, other family history of suicide (excluding index bereavement), years since bereavement and kinship to the deceased. For each model, exposure group sizes exceeded the 466 respondents required for adequate power, even when using complete case analysis.