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Abstract
Introduction Hip and knee replacement represents a significant burden to the UK healthcare system. ‘Enhanced recovery’ pathways have been introduced in the National Health Service (NHS) for patients undergoing hip and knee replacement, with the aim of improving outcomes and timely recovery after surgery. To support policymaking, there is a need to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery pathways across jurisdictions. Our aim is to systematically summarise the published cost-effectiveness evidence on enhanced recovery in hip and knee replacement, both as a whole and for each of the various components of enhanced recovery pathways.
Methods and analysis A systematic review will be conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Econlit and the National Health Service Economic Evaluations Database. Separate search strategies were developed for each database including terms relating to hip and knee replacement/arthroplasty, economic evaluations, decision modelling and quality of life measures.
We will extract peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2017 reporting economic evaluations of preoperative, perioperative or postoperative enhanced recovery interventions within hip or knee replacement. Economic evaluations alongside cohort studies or based on decision models will be included. Only studies with patients undergoing elective replacement surgery of the hip or knee will be included. Data will be extracted using a predefined pro forma following best practice guidelines for economic evaluation, decision modelling and model validation.
Our primary outcome will be the cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery (entire pathway and individual components) in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year. A narrative synthesis of all studies will be presented, focussing on cost-effectiveness results, study design, quality and validation status.
Ethics and dissemination This systematic review is exempted from ethics approval because the work is carried out on published documents. The results of the review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed academic journal and at conferences.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42017059473.
- systematic review
- hip replacement
- hip arthroplasty
- knee replacement
- knee arthroplasty
- osteoarthritis
- economic evaluation
- cost-effectiveness
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- systematic review
- hip replacement
- hip arthroplasty
- knee replacement
- knee arthroplasty
- osteoarthritis
- economic evaluation
- cost-effectiveness
Strengths and limitations of this study
This systematic review of enhanced recovery pathway for hip/knee replacement will be based on a detailed search strategy that will be complemented with a comprehensive data extraction and analysis of the studies.
The review will follow the latest guidelines and the quality and validity of the cost-effectiveness evidence will be assessed using published modelling checklists (modelling specific or general economic evaluation checklists as appropriate).
The quality and validity of the evidence may depend on the reporting quality and transparency of the identified studies.
Introduction
Hip and knee replacement represents a significant burden to the UK healthcare system. In 2015, over 88 000 primary total hip replacements (THRs) and primary total knee replacements (TKRs) were registered in the National Joint Registry, covering procedures performed in National Health Service (NHS) and independent hospitals in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man.1 2
Following the establishment of the Department of Health Enhanced Recovery Partnership Programme in April 20093 a new ‘enhanced recovery’ pathway has been introduced in many NHS hospitals for patients undergoing hip and knee replacement.4 According to the Department of Health report,3 the principles of enhanced recovery are to ensure ‘the patient is in the best possible condition for surgery; the patient has the best possible management during and after his/her operation; the patient experiences the best postoperative rehabilitation’. Therefore, enhanced recovery considers the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative management of patient care to enable improved and faster recovery and discharge from hospital. Enhanced recovery programmes vary between hospitals, but generally include a combination of best practice initiatives and medical interventions. Examples of such interventions include (preoperative) patient education and setting of expectations around surgery and rehabilitation, nutrition, physiotherapy; (perioperative) optimised anaesthesia, shortened surgical times, minimal use of drains and tubes; (postoperative) same day mobilisation and discharge, engagement of multidisciplinary teams in provision of physiotherapy and occupational therapy, clear rehabilitation instructions and/or other interventions as agreed in each hospital.
To inform national policy and local decisions across many jurisdictions, evidence on both the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions is needed. Economic evaluations of enhanced recovery interventions in hip and knee replacement patients provide such evidence. Estimates of the impact of the interventions in terms of quality of life and costs relative to current practice enable providers to base decisions not only on clinical effectiveness but also on their value for money.
Previous systematic reviews of economic evaluations in patients having hip or knee replacement have not looked at enhanced recovery or its components but rather focused on the surgical procedure and its cost-effectiveness.5–9 This recent evidence suggests that total joint replacement is cost-effective compared with conservative management,5 7 and unicompartmental knee replacement is less costly than TKR and for some age groups is more effective.6 We therefore identified a need for a more comprehensive summary of the published economic evidence on enhanced recovery in hip and knee replacement, including each component of the pathway from preoperative to postdischarge.
Our aim is to systematically summarise and assess the quality of cost-effectiveness evidence of enhanced recovery in hip and knee replacement, for patients of any age with common indications for surgery. Our objectives are to:
Summarise peer-reviewed published economic evaluations of enhanced recovery interventions in populations of individuals undergoing elective hip or knee replacement.
Report the cost-effectiveness findings in terms of cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for the overall pathway and individual components of enhanced recovery (preoperative, perioperative and postoperative interventions).
Assess study quality and risk of bias.
Identify and discuss research gaps for future economic evaluations.
Methods and analysis
Review registration and timelines
This systematic review protocol has been developed with reference to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P) guidelines10 and published recommendations for performing systematic reviews of economic evaluations.11–13 The systematic review is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42017059473.14 Important amendments to this protocol will be reported and published with the results of the review.
Search strategy
We have defined the search strategies and database selection with assistance from an information specialist and by comparing our search terms with those from previous reviews and review protocols of economic evaluations in hip/knee replacement.5–9
The following electronic databases will be searched up to 1 March 2017 (with no start date specified): Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, the NHS Economic Evaluations Database (NHS EED) (via the Cochrane Library) and EconLit (via ProQuest). NHS EED contains records of economic evaluations published up until the end of December 2014, with bibliographic records being added to the database up to March 2015.15 We anticipate that economic studies published after December 2014 will be identified using the other databases in the review.
Articles will be restricted to English-language literature but no geographical restrictions will be applied to the search. Abstracts or conference presentations will not be included as results are not presented in sufficient detail to allow critical appraisal of the economic evaluations. Date restrictions limiting the review to studies published after the year 2000 will be applied during the study selection process.
The search strategy and inclusion/exclusion criteria were piloted by two reviewers. For the latter, the search was run and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to 10% of the search results to check consistency between reviewers. The search strategies include terms relating to hip and knee replacement, economic evaluations, decision modelling and quality of life measures. The full search strategies are provided in the online supplementary file 1. Additional articles will be identified by searching the reference list of the studies included in this review as well as those of previous literature reviews on economic evaluations of hip or knee replacement populations.
Supplemental material
Study selection
ENDNOTE X7, Thomson Reuters, will be used to manage the references. Duplicates will be removed after the initial searches and two reviewers will independently assess all abstracts to determine whether a full text review is needed. Discrepancies will be resolved between reviewers or referred to a third study team member. Following PRISMA guidelines, we will present a flow diagram reporting the selection process.
Study eligibility criteria
Population
We will include studies with participants undergoing THR and TKR surgery for common indications. In the UK, osteoarthritis was the surgical indication in 90% of primary hip replacement procedures16 and 96.1% of primary knee replacement procedures in 2015.17 We will therefore include studies with osteoarthritis as an indication for surgery, though we do not intend to prespecify a minimum required proportion of patients with this indication. Studies exclusively concerning populations with other indications such as avascular necrosis, inflammatory arthropathy, previous/failed surgery, cancer, congenital conditions or infection will be excluded, as will studies looking at emergency procedures (eg, due to trauma).
Intervention
Economic evaluations of any preoperative, perioperative or postoperative intervention within the hip/knee replacement enhanced recovery pathway will be included, in addition to studies considering enhanced recovery pathways as a whole. Interventions must be those that form part of the usual pathway of care (with or without enhanced recovery) for hip/knee replacement.
Comparators
The comparator in each study must be an intervention within the clinical pathway of hip or knee replacement, respectively, or no intervention/placebo. Studies with comparators consisting only of interventions not within the hip or knee replacement pathway (eg, comparing to non-surgical interventions) will be excluded.
Types of studies
Both model-based evaluation and randomised controlled trials/cohort-based economic evaluation will be included. We will restrict the analysis to cost-utility analyses (ie, reporting costs per QALY gained) but will report number of cost-effectiveness studies giving incremental costs per other units of health gain (eg, life years). As cost-utility analysis is the preferred approach to inform decisions on healthcare resource allocation,18 19 we will also exclude cost-benefit analysis and cost-minimisation analysis, as well as cost-consequence analysis if incremental costs per QALYs gained cannot be estimated from the results.
Outcomes
In order to inform policy and extract comparable data between studies, the primary outcome of interest is cost-effectiveness findings in terms of the incremental cost per QALY gained. In addition, we will report the absolute costs and QALYs per intervention being evaluated as well as the respective incremental values relative to current care.
The secondary outcomes of interest are the probability of being the most cost-effective intervention (to reflect uncertainty), value of information (VoI) if reported, study design and quality, model type, structure and validation status (for model-based studies) and the source and quality of the data used for the analysis.
Data extraction
Data extraction will be divided between two reviewers using a standardised form and referred to a third reviewer where necessary to resolve discrepancies. Data extraction items are based on published checklists20–24 and will include study question and comparators, patient population, study type (model or trial-based economic evaluation), model type and design (where applicable), data sources and hierarchy of evidence (quality assessment), currency and cost year, cost-effectiveness results (point estimate and probability of being cost-effective), VoI results (if reported), study conclusions and a risk of bias assessment. The pro forma for data extraction is given in the online supplementary file 2. Extracted data will be entered into a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel and the completed data extraction form for each study will be retained. The data extraction forms have been piloted by two reviewers using selected examples of included studies.
Supplemental material
Risk of bias
In line with published recommendations,13 the quality of reporting and risk of bias of the economic evaluations will be assessed using published checklists from the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria project25 for economic evaluations and the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research taskforce for decision models26 (see online supplementary file 3). Items in the checklists will be marked as Yes, No, Unknown or Not Applicable for each study, and a final assessment of the risk of bias will be made by the reviewer.
Supplemental material
Data synthesis
Data for synthesis will be managed using Microsoft Excel. A narrative synthesis will be presented outlining the overall cost-effectiveness findings from the included studies. Hip and knee replacement findings will be reported separately. We will also discuss the quality and risk of bias of the individual studies and the generalisability of the findings to settings other than those reported, in order to assess the overall strength of the body of economic evidence. Using the results of sensitivity analyses and VoI methods (if available), we will report recommendations for further research to reduce decision uncertainty. Finally, we will identify any gaps in the evidence that need to be addressed in future evaluations of recovery pathway interventions in populations of hip or knee replacement patients.
Discussion
Cost-utility data are relevant to understand the value of healthcare interventions and to support decisions concerning which interventions to implement in jurisdictions where healthcare resources are limited. Given the high volume of hip and knee replacement and the associated costs, there is significant interest in identifying cost-effective strategies to improve the recovery time of these patients. We anticipate that the review will influence practice by providing a comprehensive summary of the cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery components according to measures that are comparable between interventions. This will enable healthcare providers to tailor their approach according to the most cost-effective interventions. Our findings will inform the challenges and research gaps concerning future economic evaluations of enhanced recovery interventions. We anticipate that this review may also inform future guidelines around enhanced recovery by providing robust cost-effectiveness evidence from international studies.
Ethics and dissemination
This systematic review is exempt from ethics approval and consent to participate because the work is carried out on published documents. The results of the review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed academic journal and at conferences.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Nia Roberts, information specialist at the University of Oxford, for assistance with the search strategy and database selection and Rafael Pinedo-Villanueva, Health Economist at the Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, for assistance with the search strategy.
References
Footnotes
Contributors JM, LYC and JL developed the search strategies. JM and LYC piloted the search strategy and inclusion criteria. JM and JL developed the data extraction pro forma. JM, MGP, LYC and RJ piloted the data extraction pro-forma. JL is the guarantor of the review. All authors defined the inclusion criteria and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research Programme (project number 14/46/02). Support was received from the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the HS&DR Programme, NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.