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Abstract
Introduction Not enough is known regarding the prognosis and treatment of necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Mortality has been shown to be 25%–35%, with survivors coping with amputations and prolonged rehabilitation. This study will evaluate soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a possible prognostic marker of NSTI severity and mortality, as well as whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can modulate markers of endothelial damage during NSTI. We hypothesise that in patients with NSTI, suPAR can provide prognostic risk assessment on hospital admission and that HBOT can reduce the endothelial damage that these patients are exposed to.
Methods and analysis This is a prospective observational study. Biomarkers will be measured in 150 patients who have been diagnosed with NSTI. On admission, baseline blood samples will be obtained. Following surgery and HBOT, daily blood samples will be obtained in order to measure endothelial and prognostic biomarkers (soluble thrombomodulin, syndecan-1, sE-selectin, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, protein C and suPAR levels). Clinical data will be acquired during the first 7 days of stay in the intensive care unit. The primary outcomes in studies I and II will be endothelial biomarker levels after HBOT, and in study III suPAR levels as a marker of disease prognosis and severity.
Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Regional Scientific Ethical Committee of Copenhagen (H-16021845) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (RH-2016-199). Results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03147352. (Pre-results)
- infectious diseases
- intensive care
- surgery
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Strengths and limitations of this study
It is the largest, single-centre prospective cohort study of biomarkers during necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs).
The study will measure biomarkers never previously examined in patients with NSTI.
The study’s outcomes may provide valuable evidence for future studies of optimisation of NSTI prognosis and treatment.
Due to the non-randomised design, we may be subject to biases due to differences in hyperbaric oxygen therapy allocation and result interpretation.
Introduction
Necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are serious and deadly. They are characterised by rapidly progressing soft-tissue inflammation with necrosis and can quickly cause multiple organ failure and death. They have a wide range of presentations. Patients can become mortally infected in hours. Mortality has been shown to be 25%–35%, with survivors coping with amputations and prolonged rehabilitation.1 Septic shock accompanies death due to NSTI.
Currently, we lack the proper tools to evaluate the severity and prognosis of NSTI in individual patients. This results in necessary, yet sometimes overzealous surgical debridement, culminating in prolonged patient rehabilitation and amputations. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may be added as adjunctive therapy of NSTI.2–4 Large database surveys indicate that HBOT improves survival of patients with NSTI in hospitals capable of providing HBOT—the effect being most prominent for severely ill patients, with septic shock.2–4 Large randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are lacking, in large part due to ethical concerns. However, in the present prospective cohort, HBOT is already being used as part of the standard NSTI treatment in a multidisciplinary setting in a tertiary hospital, with centralised treatment expertise and an in-hospital HBOT unit. We wish to use this unique opportunity to examine the effects of HBOT during NSTI by means of biomarkers, in order to obtain pathophysiological knowledge about the effects of HBOT. The data will also contribute to improved decision-making with respect to the proper design and ethical justification of future RCT studies on the effects of HBOT.
Accordingly, our first and second study will analyse markers of endothelial function in order to examine the effect of HBOT on patients with NSTI. Our third study will look at the prognostic value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in NSTI. SuPAR is a biomarker reflecting immune system activity.5
Studies I and II: endothelial function during NSTI and the effects of HBOT
Endothelial dysfunction during sepsis is the result of damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, which leads to platelet aggregation, leucocyte adhesion and an increase in endothelial permeability. The result is capillary leakage and tissue oedema. At the same time, the patients’ blood is anticoagulated endogenously. This capillary leakage and anticoagulation ultimately lead to intravascular volume depletion.6–9 Tissue dysfunction is due to inflammation, reduced tissue blood flow and ischaemia, which can lead to multiorgan failure and death.6–9 Recently, we have demonstrated in more than 4400 patients with acute critical illness (sepsis,10–12 trauma,13 myocardial infarction14 and resuscitated cardiac arrest15) that endothelial breakdown as evaluated by the biomarkers soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) and syndecan-1 is independently associated with development of multiorgan failure and death. We are interested in examining whether this also is the case with NSTIs, since most of these patients are also septic. sTM and syndecan-1 have been shown as markers of endothelial and glycocalyx damage, respectively.16 17 sTM is released from endothelial cells on damage, while damage to the glycocalyx releases syndecan-1. Increases in these markers therefore correspond to increased levels of endothelial damage.18
In septic rats, HBOT has been shown to attenuate levels of proinflammatory cytokines and prevent coagulation disorders.19–22 Furthermore, HBOT may improve microcirculation by inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species23 24 and decreasing the adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to the endothelial cell wall,25–28 possibly by downregulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1.29 30 sE-Selectin and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin are markers of leucocyte adhesion and endothelial barrier function, respectively.31 32 sE-Selectin is responsible for interactions between leucocytes and the endothelium, and increased expression is due to endothelial activation.33 Lower concentrations of VE-cadherin result in loss of vascular integrity.34
We believe it is plausible to consider the potential beneficial effects of HBOT on patients with NSTI in septic shock due to HBOT mediating an endothelial/glycocalyx protective effect, which enhances the endothelial integrity with its effects on coagulation and platelet reactivity and functionality.26–30 Also, HBOT has been shown to induce a cytoprotective and angiogenic response in human endothelial cells.35 A deeper understanding of endothelial dysfunction during NSTI, and the possible countering effect of HBOT, could contribute to a better understanding of this disease.
Therefore, the purpose of studies I and II will be to investigate the effect of HBOT on possible endothelial dysfunction in patients with NSTI. We will do this by measuring sTM and syndecan-1 in study I, as well as sE-Selectin, VE-cadherin and protein C in study II.
Study III: suPAR as a prognostic biomarker for NSTI
suPAR receptor has been shown to predict the risk of developing a wide range of chronic conditions, as well as predicting mortality during acute infectious conditions. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer,36 37 acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease,38 mortality during bacteraemia,39–41 mortality during bacterial meningitis,42 mortality from systemic inflammatory response syndrome43 as well as negative prognosis during sepsis44 are all correlated with higher than normal levels of suPAR. Likewise, since NSTIs are also infectious diseases, we are interested in examining suPARs potential during NSTIs.
In our third study, we will assess suPARs possible value as a prognostic biomarker for mortality and morbidity as well as clinical condition during NSTI.
Methods and analysis
Study design
The PROTREAT study is a prospective observational substudy of the INFECT project (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01790698). The INFECT project involves five centres (Copenhagen University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Blekinge Hospital, Sahlgrenska Hospital, University Hospital of Bergen) with the objective of improving the outcome in patients with NSTI.
The PROTREAT study will be conducted at Copenhagen University Hospital and Hvidovre Hospital. The study will use data gathered in Denmark on patients diagnosed with NSTI, who are admitted to Copenhagen University Hospital. The patients are enrolled immediately on diagnosis using predefined criteria for NSTI, as specified below. The first patient was enrolled on 26 February 2013 and inclusion is ongoing. Due to the low incidence of NSTI, the enrolment period of this study will extend over 4.5 years, with expected closure by the end of August 2017.
For study III, only the patient with NSTI cohort will be used. For studies I and II, we will also use data gathered from a group of 65 elective orthopaedic surgery patients, functioning as controls for our patients with NSTI. Furthermore, data on endothelial function from the Scandinavian Starch for Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00962156) of patients with sepsis will be used to illustrate and compare with the modulation of endothelial function in patients with sepsis who do not receive HBOT.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Studies I, II and III: patients with NSTI
Patient inclusion criteria are (all of which must be met):
Diagnosed with NSTI based on surgical findings (necrosis of any soft tissue compartment; dermis, hypodermis, fascia or muscle)
Age ≥18 years
Admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and/or operated for NSTI at Copenhagen University Hospital.
Patient exclusion criteria are:
They are categorised as non-NSTI in the operating theatre.
Studies I and II: orthopaedic control patients
Control patient inclusion criteria are (all of which must be met):
Undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery (non-pathological fractures, joint replacement surgery or spine surgery) at Copenhagen University Hospital
Age ≥18 years.
Patient exclusion criteria are:
Ongoing infection or inflammatory condition.
Data collection
A blood sample taken from an arterial line from each patient with NSTI is collected into tubes containing EDTA at four time points: on admission and each of the following 3 days, always between 08:00 and 14:00 (see table 1). During the first 7 days in the ICU, clinical data will be gathered (see table 2). For the orthopaedic control group, the blood samples have been drawn at three time points: once at baseline (preoperatively), once 2–6 hours postoperatively and once on the day after surgery between 08:00 and 12:00. For both patient groups, the anticoagulated blood is put on ice until centrifugation (within 40 min of collection, at 3500 rpm for 10 min). The supernatant (serum) is stored in 1 mL vials at −80°C until analysis.
Overview of blood sampling procedures
Baseline characteristics and clinical data
Data analysis
Studies I, II and III: routine blood analysis
These tests will be run at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital. Among others: platelets, pH, base excess, fibrinogen, International Normalized Ratio (INR), D-dimer, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), procalcitonin, lactate, bilirubin, potassium, sodium, calcium, glucose, creatinine, haemoglobin, leucocytes.
Studies I and II: sTM, syndecan-1, sE-Selectin, VE-cadherin and protein C levels
These tests will be conducted at the Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital. All the biomarkers will be measured using ELISA methods from various companies (Nordic Biosite for sTM, syndecan-1 and sE-Selectin; R&D systems for VE-cadherin; Orion Diagnostica for protein C).
Study III: suPAR levels
These tests will be conducted at the Clinical Research Department, Hvidovre Hospital. suPAR levels will be measured using ELISA from ViroGates. Using a double monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA assay, samples and peroxidase-conjugated anti-suPAR are mixed together. Incubation is done in anti-suPAR precoated micro wells. Calibration of the recombinant suPAR standards is done against healthy human blood donor samples. suPAR levels are reported in nanograms per millilitre of plasma.
Hypotheses; primary and secondary outcomes
Study I
Study I hypotheses
In patients with NSTI stratified into no sepsis, sepsis and septic shock groups as defined by standardised criteria,45 HBOTi lowers sTM more than 1.75 ng/mL per day.
The aforementioned reduction in sTM in patients with NSTI after HBOT is statistically significantly larger than any reduction in sTM seen in both an elective orthopaedic surgery control group and sepsis control group.
Study I primary outcome
Changes in plasma sTM and syndecan-1 concentrations, measured on admission and once daily the first 3 days in the ICU.
Study I secondary endpoint
A subanalysis of the differences in the aforementioned endothelial biomarkers between patients with NSTI who do not receive HBOT within the first 24 hours of ICU admission (because they are deemed too unstable for HBOT) versus those who receive HBOT within the first 12 and 24 hours of ICU admission.
Study II
Study II hypothesis
Inpatients with NSTI stratified into no sepsis, sepsis and septic shock groups as defined by standardised criteria,45 HBOTi lowers sE-selectin more than 1.1 ng/mL per day.
The aforementioned reduction in sE-selectin in patients with NSTI after HBOT is statistically significantly larger than any reduction in sE-selectin seen in both an elective orthopaedic surgery control group and sepsis control group.
Study II primary endpoint
Changes in plasma sE-selectin, VE-cadherin and protein C concentrations, measured on admission and once daily the first 3 days in the ICU.
Study II secondary endpoint
A subanalysis of the differences in the aforementioned biomarkers between patients with NSTI who do not receive HBOT within the first 24 hours of ICU admission (because they are deemed too unstable for HBOT) versus those who receive HBOT within the first 12 and 24 hours of ICU admission.
Study III
Study III hypotheses
Inpatients with NSTI stratified into no sepsis, sepsis and septic shock groups as defined by standardised criteria,45 suPAR levels are a predictor for mortality.
Inpatients with NSTI stratified into no sepsis, sepsis and septic shock groups as defined by standardised criteria,45 suPAR levels reflect patients with NSTI’ clinical condition as assessed by Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores.
Study III primary endpoint
Association between plasma suPAR levels, measured on admission and once daily during the first 3 days in the ICU, and NSTI mortality, SAPS II and SOFA scores.
Joint secondary endpoints for studies I, II and III
In studies I, II and III, the following outcomes will be analysed for the NSTI group only:
Mortality in the ICU and at 30, 90 and 180 days
Amputations.
The following characteristics are registered in the INFECT database, which we will also be using for our studies:
Age and sex
Comorbidities: diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, intravenous drug use, malignancy
Body mass index
Mean arterial pressure
Heart rate
Arterial blood gas: partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, HCO3, base excess, pH
Standard biochemistry: K+, Na+, Ca2+, glucose, creatinine, haemoglobin etc
Norepinephrine use
Mechanical ventilation
ICU scores: SAPS II, SOFA without Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis
Primary infectious focus
Primary symptoms: pain, erythema, tachycardia, fever
Pathogen type
Time between admittance at primary hospital to the first surgery
Definitive treatment at Copenhagen University Hospital: antibiotics, immunoglobulin and HBOT
Treatment at primary hospital: antibiotics, immunoglobulin, surgical treatment
Immunocompromising drugs prior to admission.
Sample size
Study I
The test kits we will be using to measure our primary outcome sTM (Human sCD141 ELISA kit, Nordic Biosite) have an interassay standard variation of 0.58 ng/mL. In order to be certain that measured changes in sTM concentration are not a result of interassay SD, we have set our minimum relevant difference in sTM to three times the interassay standard variation, thus 1.75 ng/mL.
We prepared a power calculation using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Assuming an estimated SD of 4.6 ng/mL and a mean of 9.9 ng/mL,12 we will need to include a maximum of 150 patients with NSTI and 50 elective surgery patients to reach a statistical power of at the very least 60% (a very conservative estimate) and presumably closer to 85% (more realistic estimate) at a 5% significance level. The estimates depend on data distribution.
Study II
The test kits we will be using to measure our primary outcome sE-selectin (Human CD62E ELISA kit, Diaclone) have an interassay standard variation of 0.37 ng/mL. In order to be certain that measured changes in sE-selectin concentration are not a result of interassay standard variation, we have set our minimum relevant difference in sE-selectin to three times the interassay standard variation, thus 1.1 ng/mL.
Assuming an estimated SD of 209 ng/mL (septic shock) vs 23 ng/mL (severe sepsis and sepsis) and means of 295 vs 181 ng/mL, respectively,46 we will need to include at least 132 patients with NSTI and 50 elective surgery patients to reach a statistical power of 90% at a 5% significance level.
Study III
suPAR levels during NSTI have never previously been examined. In order to estimate sample size and since most patients with NSTI are also septic, we are basing our sample size calculation on a previous study concerning the correlation between suPAR and sepsis.29 This study found statistically significant correlation between suPAR levels and mortality in 141 patients. This is also our goal. Further studies have also found significant correlations between suPAR, sepsis and mortality in 132 patients.30 We will include at least 150 patients with NSTI during this study.
Statistical considerations
Studies I and II
To check whether the HBOT treatment has an effect on the range of biomarkers, we will analyse the means and variances of the biomarkers in the NSTI group and the two control groups, the orthopaedic patients and the patients with sepsis. Non-parametric data will be log-transformed and will be presented as median values with IQR. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests will be used for group comparisons. Fisher’s exact test will be used for categorical data. Correlation analysis will be performed using Spearman rank correlation or Pearson correlation.
Study III
To assess the quality of suPAR as a predictor of health outcomes, a model selection exercise will be conducted with various types of regression models. The type of regression will vary with the type of health-outcome, with suPAR as the predictor in all cases. Non-parametric data will be log-transformed and will be presented as median values with IQR. Fisher’s exact test will be used for categorical data. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis will be applied to determine suPARs accuracy as a marker of severity and mortality in patients with NSTI. We will construct Kaplan-Meier curves for survival data. Statistically significant results are when p<0.05. Corrections for multiple comparisons will be done using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.
Ethics and dissemination
The study will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Regional Health Research Ethics Committee and the Danish Data Protection Agency (responsible for the correct processing of confidential patient data) have approved the study (RHREC document number: H-16021845; DDPA j. no.: RH-2016–199). The investigator will inform the Research Ethics Committee and the Danish Data Protection Agency of any significant changes to the protocol.
Written informed consent will be acquired from either the patients themselves or their next of kin as well as from their primary healthcare physician, as required by Danish law. This study itself poses no additional risk to the patients, as patients will receive standard NSTI treatment at Copenhagen University Hospital, in no way different from the usual treatment. To maintain confidentiality, each patient is assigned a pseudonymous research code. Access to patient data analysis is restricted to the investigators.
The study has been registered at the international database of clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03147352).
Results will be disseminated at national and international conferences and then published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals. Positive, negative and any inconclusive results will be published. The advanced knowledge of NSTIs generated by the above studies will be used to create evidence-based guidelines for classification and management. Through the INFECT project, we have access to the UK NSTI patient organisation together with the NSTI clinical consortium. This provides excellent means for efficient dissemination of guidelines and other advances made in the project to relevant end-users, including medical staff, patients and their relatives, small and medium enterprises and researchers.
References
Footnotes
↵ i HBOT is applied by placing the patient with NSTI inside a HBOT chamber, where the patient is continuously breathing 100% O2 through a ventilator and endotracheal intubation or if awake through a transparent hood and where the entire chamber is pressurised to 2.8 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 90 min.
Contributors PP and OH designed and wrote the research protocol. PP is responsible for the sample size calculations and statistical methods. PP is responsible for data acquisition. PIJ contributed to drafting the protocol. PIJ is responsible for the laboratory work in studies I and II.
Funding The INFECT project is supported by The European Seventh Framework Programme (grant number 305340).
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval The Regional Health Research Ethics Committee of Denmark.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.