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Abstract
Objectives 2 innovative concepts have lately been developed to radically improve the care of patients with advanced chronic conditions (PACC): early identification of palliative care (PC) needs and the 3 end-of-life trajectories in chronic illnesses (acute, intermittent and gradual dwindling). It is not clear (1) what indicators work best for this early identification and (2) if specific clinical indicators exist for each of these trajectories. The objectives of this study are to explore these 2 issues.
Setting 3 primary care services, an acute care hospital, an intermediate care centre and 4 nursing homes in a mixed urban–rural district in Barcelona, Spain.
Participants 782 patients (61.5% women) with a positive NECPAL CCOMS-ICO test, indicating they might benefit from a PC approach.
Outcome measures The characteristics and distribution of the indicators of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool are analysed with respect to the 3 trajectories and have been arranged by domain (functional, nutritional and cognitive status, emotional problems, geriatric syndromes, social vulnerability and others) and according to their static (severity) and dynamic (progression) properties.
Results The common indicators associated with early end-of-life identification are functional (44.3%) and nutritional (30.7%) progression, emotional distress (21.9%) and geriatric syndromes (15.7% delirium, 11.2% falls). The rest of the indicators showed differences in the associations per illness trajectories (p<0.05). 48.2% of the total cohort was identified as advanced frailty patients with no advanced disease criteria.
Conclusions Dynamic indicators are present in the 3 trajectories and are especially useful to identify PACC for a progressive PC approach purpose. Most of the other indicators are typically associated with a specific trajectory. These findings can help clinicians improve the identification of patients for a palliative approach.
- Advanced chronic conditions
- End-of-life trajectories
- Advanced Frailty
- Health Status Indicators
- Prognosis
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- Advanced chronic conditions
- End-of-life trajectories
- Advanced Frailty
- Health Status Indicators
- Prognosis
Strengths and limitations of this study
This study innovatively explores the relationship between end-of-life indicators used to identify patients with advanced chronic conditions (PACC) and the three archetypal end-of-life trajectories: acute (typically cancer), intermittent (typically organ failure) and gradual dwindling (typically dementia or frailty).
Analysing the characteristics of end-of-life indicators allows us to know which indicators most consistently identify patients for palliative care (PC). It also provides data on the characteristics that most commonly occur in each end-of-life trajectory.
The large number of identified PACC but with no advanced disease criteria reveals that there is a real and not previously well-described cohort of people with advanced frailty and PC needs.
These concepts are useful for clinical decision-making, for policymakers in designing appropriate health services, as well as giving researchers a theoretical framework for future research.
Study limitations include the heterogeneity in the collection of variables due to the multiple assessments from all healthcare system resources and the number of missing data in some variables.
Introduction
Two concepts can be combined to illuminate care provision for patients with advanced chronic conditions (PACC): early identification of patients with palliative care (PC) needs and, second, end-of-life trajectories associated with advanced chronic illnesses. This gives a conceptual framework to understand the different characteristics of patients from their early identification for PC onwards.
Early identification of patients with PC needs
The modern approach to the end-of-life divides this into two transitions1 (figure 1). The first one, frequently some months or years before death, may constitute the starting of the process of identification of patients with PC needs, due to the appearance and recognition of some indicators or variables which make early identification easier. Throughout the article, we will refer to these patients with advanced chronic diseases and conditions, PC needs and limited life prognosis as ‘patients with advanced chronic conditions’ (PACC). The second transition—or ‘the last days or weeks of patient's life’—starts when the terminal decline begins and corresponds to the out-moded paradigm of very late PC provision.
Key transitions and the three end-of-life trajectories. Early identification of palliative care needs becomes the starting point for transition 1. Situational diagnosis refers to the evaluation and assessment of patients that allows healthcare professionals determine patients’ health degree (A, B, C, D or E) and identify entrance to transition 2 (D) or last days–hours situation, instead (E); this situational diagnosis is indispensable to establish the objectives of care in this progressive care model in a decision-making process shared by professionals, patients and their families.
Early identification for PC has shown many benefits: it helps to clarify treatment preferences and goals of care, improves quality of life and symptom control, reduces distress, allows less aggressive care, lower spending, and may even lengthen survival.2–4 Thus, to develop anticipatory PC5 becomes crucial during this first transition.
A certain degree of prognostic approach may be used with caution in the care of individual patients, and professionals still have difficulties finding unequivocal prognostic variables.6 Prognosis will always imply a degree of uncertainty,7 since end-of-life processes are multifactorial and strictly individual at the same time. Besides, the earlier we want to identify these patients, the more difficult it becomes to obtain certain prognostic variables.8
Thus, although certain variables are broadly linked with mortality risks, there is no single prognostic indicator that identifies all patients who will die soon.6 The classic prognosis approach focused on advanced chronic disease severity criteria has limitations: prognostic disease-centred variables, when used in isolation, have shown low prognostic capacity,9–14 particularly for geriatric patients with multiple chronic conditions.6 Other general factors have proved to be more reliable end-of-life prognostic indicators than disease-centred variables:15 functional,16–19 nutritional20–24 and cognitive status;25 ,26 emotional problems;27 ,28 geriatric syndromes such as delirium,29 ,30 dysphagia,31 pressure ulcers32 and repetitive falls;33 symptoms such as dyspnoea34–36 and anxiety;37 social vulnerability38–41 or use of resources.42–44
Thus, most screening tools for identification of patients with PC needs45—for example, the Prognostic Indicator Guidance of the Gold Standards Framework (PIG-GSF),46 the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT),47 the RADboud indicators for PAlliative Care needs (RADPAC)48 and the NECesidades PALiativas CCOMS-ICO tool (NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool)49–51—have incorporated these general conditions from different domains in different degrees.
The evaluation of these variables—disease specific and these other general factors—has also shown the need for complementing the static status (severity) with an assessment of dynamic progression of decline.8
End-of-life trajectories
In 2003, Lunney et al52 described three distinct illness trajectories of functional decline at the end of life (figure 1), illustrating the typical dynamic patterns of a group of patients classified according to their main chronic disease. The first clinical trajectory, typically associated to cancer, features a stable and/or low decline phase broken up by a severe decline in the last few weeks. The second features a gradual decline, with acute episodes usually related to concomitant processes and disease evolution and partial recovery; this trajectory corresponds to patients with advanced organ diseases such as heart, lung, renal and liver failure. Finally, the third trajectory shows a progressive slow-pace decline, typically related to dementia or frail patients.
Later, Murray et al53 highlighted the clinical implications of end-of-life trajectories by presenting trajectories as a framework to help professionals and patients facing the uncertainty of having an advanced chronic condition avoid a prognostic paralysis. First, these trajectories may help clinicians to better plan care to meet their patients' changing needs and help patients and caregivers to cope with their situation. Second, by pointing out that different models of care may be necessary to reflect and tackle patients' different experiences and needs. Third, by graphing dimensional end-of-life trajectories, the different dimensions of need—physical, social, psychological and spiritual—may be identified and addressed.
Hypothesis and objectives
We hypothesise that there might be a common denominator in the characteristics of some indicators that would allow us to identify PACC at specific time points. On the other hand, distinguishing features may also exist in other indicators that support and develop the conceptual model of end-of-life trajectories.
Learning from the characteristics and evolution of these end-of-life indicators as the basis of the individual situational diagnosis8––understood as the assessment to determine patients' health degree and (or possible) closeness to end-of-life situation (figure 1)—can help clinicians to manage uncertainty and make better clinical decisions, according to patients' values and preferences.54 In order to develop further knowledge on these indicators, we analysed the characteristics and distribution of the indicators related to end of life in a cohort of patients identified with the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool.
Methods
Our methods, as extensively described elsewhere,51 are reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations.55 This study was formally approved by the ethical research committees of institutions involved in its execution (2010/PREVOsona: P10/65 and EO65).
Study design and setting
A cross-sectional study of patients identified in a previous population-based study was conducted.51 The study was conducted in the Spanish district of Osona, Barcelona, a mixed urban–rural district with a population of 156 087 residents, 21.4% of whom are aged >65 years, with an annual mortality rate of 8.81 per 1000 inhabitants. Three selected primary care services and an acute care hospital, an intermediate care centre and four nursing homes serving these primary care services agreed to participate.
Eligibility criteria and participant selection
Case selection was undertaken from November 2010 to October 2011. There were no exclusion criteria. Patient recruitment was made using the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool through the healthcare records and by interviews with healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses). ‘NECPAL positive (+)’ patients were defined as being surprise-question56 answer ‘no’ (“I would not be surprised if this patient were to die in the next 12 months”) and having at least one subsequent positive category: (1) category 1: choice, request or need of PC approach (has the patient or the main caregiver requested palliative/comfort treatments exclusively or suggests limitation of therapeutic effort? Healthcare professionals consider that the patient requires palliative care or palliative treatment at this moment?); (2) category 2: general clinical prognostic indicators of severity and progression, including comorbidity and resource use (table 1) or (3) category 3: disease-specific prognostic indicators (table 2).
Category 2 of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool: general indicators of severity and progression
Category 3 of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool: disease-specific indicators
Variables and sources of information
In the selected cohort, we evaluated the indicators included in the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool, which were retrieved, if available, from patient's clinical records by the investigator team or by clinical judgement after interviewing healthcare professionals (including clinical variables and need, demand and choice requests). In order to reduce systematic error, all definitions, procedures—including data collection—and measures were standardised and followed according to the study operations manual.
Indicators were arranged by domain (functional, nutritional and cognitive status, emotional problems, geriatric syndromes, social vulnerability and others) and according to their static (severity) and dynamic (progression) characteristics, for patients in each of the three end-of-life trajectories associated with advanced chronic illnesses.
Indicators and diseases
We evaluated the distribution of the indicators by classifying persons according to the presence of severity and/or progression criteria of the main disease (cancer, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic heart disease, serious chronic liver disease, serious chronic renal disease, chronic neurological diseases and dementia). We refer to the group of patients identified as being NECPAL (+) without severity and/or disease progression criteria as ‘advanced frailty patients without advanced disease criteria’.
Indicators and end-of-life trajectories
We organised the illnesses according to the described end-of-life trajectories: cancer, organ failure (including lung, heart, hepatic and renal disease) and dementia. As for neurologic diseases, we put together primary neurodegenerative/Alzheimer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for easier analysis purposes, given that their clinical evolution tends to be similar to dementia.
Statistical methods
Characteristics by domain were reported as averages with SDs for continuous variables (Barthel, Charlson, unplanned admissions and age) or percentages for the categorical variables. All indicators were calculated for the entire sample and for each four categories of patients: cancer, organ failure, dementia/chronic neurological diseases and advanced frailty. We compared the proportions among the four groups using χ2 test for categorical variables. Differences for non-categorical variables were assessed using ANOVA tests.
Analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), V.21.0. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Participants
A total number of 782 NECPAL positive (+) patients (38.5% men; 61.5% women; mean age: 80.89) were recruited from different levels of the health system: 523 (66.9%) residents in the community, 154 (19.7%) in nursing homes, 55 (7%) at the intermediate care centre and 50 (6.4%) at the acute care hospital; this distribution of patients among the diverse settings is representative of the population prevalence of these patients.51 All participants were allocated to one trajectory presented severity and progression criteria for two concomitant organs. The online supplementary appendix shows the results for each individual disease.
supplementary appendix
Main results
Functional progression (31.5% loss ≥2 activities of daily living (ADLs), 44.3% clinical perception) and nutritional criteria (particularly clinical perception, 30.7%) were the indicators most constantly associated with end-of-life identification in all patients (table 3). For the patients with cancer, organ failure and advanced frailty, we could not determine if there were cognitive progression criteria (na), since this feature was only evaluated as a criterion for advanced dementia. Emotional distress (21.9%) and some geriatric syndromes (11.2% falls and 15.7% delirium) were also present, but less frequently and without statistically significant differences among the four groups. Generally, families perceived more palliative needs than the patients and professionals.
Distribution of indicators per end-of-life trajectory
The functional severity criteria, cognitive severity criteria, some geriatric syndromes such as decubitus ulcers, dysphagia and repetition infections, comorbidity, use of resources, election criteria, demand and need of PC and age and gender showed statistically significant differences in the classification per trajectories performed.
Patients with advanced cancer rarely presented with functional severity criteria (4.5%). For these patients, the presence of nutritional progression criteria was more common than in the other groups (clinical perception: 63.2%). There was a high need of complex care (35.1%), as well as demand and need of PC from the patients (17.1%), relatives (39.5%) and professionals (47.4%).
Patients with advanced organ disease—all had main disease severity and progression criteria—presented less parameters of general severity and progression than the rest of trajectories and a lower percentage of geriatric syndromes. In contrast, they presented a larger percentage of systemic infections (11.2%) and more unplanned admissions than the other groups.
Patients with advanced dementia and those with chronic neurological diseases presented severity criteria, functional (49.7%) and cognitive (83.2%), and geriatric syndromes: ulcers (9.3%), persistent dysphagia (23.6%), repetitive falls (12.8%) and delirium (18.7%). These patients presented less need of resources than the other groups, and there was a low perception of palliative needs among the professionals (13.3%) compared to relatives (34%).
48.2% of the whole NECPAL(+) patients did not present severity and progression criteria for any chronic disease. In comparison with the other trajectories, no indicator in this group (‘advanced frailty patients with no advanced disease criteria’) was especially prevalent or relatively infrequent: for instance, these patients present more functional severity criteria (10.6%) than patients with cancer (4.5%) and patients with organ failure (5.3%), but lower than patients with dementia (49.7%); they present less nutritional progression criteria (9.7%) than patients with cancer (23.3%) and patients with organ failure (11.5%), but more than patients with dementia (6.8%) or they have more comorbidities (Charlson: 3.07) than patients with dementia (2.28), but less than patients with cancer (5.34) and patients with organ failure (3.38). Globally, professionals had low perceptions that these patients had palliative needs.
Discussion
Key results
Dynamic indicators are more discriminating than static ones to identify PACC.19 Functional and nutritional progression criteria (also cognitive progression could be included if there is delirium)57 are also important, mainly regarding functional loss.58 ,59 This fact is supported by the literature, given the evidence that changing variables have been shown to have better prognostic ability than those variables that remain stable.19 ,58 ,59 Also emotional distress and some geriatric syndromes, though less significantly, have been shown to be useful indicators for early identification.
Beyond the described parameters, we consider that there are no unique and specific indicators to reliably identify PACC, since only a low percentage of patients present most of them. This fact has two implications: (1) early identification of PACC requires a multidimensional evaluation including a wide range of indicators and (2) the different characteristics of these indicators in the diverse groups (cancer, organ disease and dementia/advanced neurologic disease) support the conceptual model of end-of-life trajectories. This model seems to be consistent beyond the described functional dimension: in many of the other dimensions (nutritional, cognitive, geriatric syndromes and use of resources), the behaviour is also different among the groups.
Regarding the differences of the variables in the three end-of-life trajectories, the low prevalence of patients with advanced cancer and functional severity criteria is remarkable; this could be due to a faster decline of these patients in the second transition—if we assume that most patients of this cohort were stable,60–62 although it could also be due to a selection bias on the part of recruitment process. The impact of undernourishment as an important marker of end of life in patients with cancer is also consistent with the literature.63–66 For patients with advanced organ diseases, there are more unplanned admissions, probably because of episodes of acute failure or infections, in keeping with the trajectory classically described cohort.44 ,52 ,67–74 As for patients with dementia or with other neurological diseases the criteria of disease severity (frequently based on the functional repercussions of the severity) determine the identification of the end-of-life situation.75 ,76 This fact, together with the presence of multiple geriatric syndromes, can help professionals in this process of identification.77 The slow and progressive process of decline determines less use of resources and, probably, less perception of PC needs from the professionals, in contrast to the relatives' view. This analysis endorses the conceptual approach of typical trajectories of decline in advanced chronic illnesses.
However, with mutimorbidity the norm at the end of life, patients may embrace one or more trajectories.78 ,79 This resulted in an extremely heterogeneous behaviour of the variables over time among different patients.
It was remarkable that in a particularly disease-centred clinical context, practically half of the cohort did not meet advanced disease criteria (‘advanced frailty patients with no advanced disease criteria’), but were identified as persons with advanced chronic conditions and PC needs at the same time (NECPAL+); it is estimated that 40% of deaths occur in frail older people who have no main overriding diagnosis.80 This is relevant because it suggests that for early identification for PC it is essential to look beyond disease-centred variables and that multiple general indicators in different domains need to be considered.81 Given that frailty is the most prevalent condition as people approach death,82 a rational clinical approach to these patients would be to consider frailty not as an independent entity defining only one of the end-of-life trajectories, but as a quantitative measurement system to determine the reserve level of the patient. Such reserve would act as the basis for a ‘situational diagnosis’. Analysis shows that most variables are present in the end-of-life trajectories, although they behave differently. It may be that with frail patients, the other non-physical trajectories of need may be important to monitor clinically, as they may show more dynamic needs for care.83 More research will be needed to substantiate this claim.
Finally, patients with cancer and patients without cancer present physical decline and significant psychosocial difficulties, and all these patients could benefit from a PC approach. However, healthcare professionals currently identify less patients for a palliative approach for the non-cancer group.84 This might be because the end-of-life trajectory is less predictable for these patients, but this should not stop identifying these patients according to these indicators, rather than professionals having a prognostic paralysis.85
Strengths and limitations
The study was carried out with 100% of participation from healthcare professionals and settings invited. A standardised case identification methodology was followed in all settings, and a high level of commitment from all participants was gained.
The study has limitations. Since this study was based on health professionals' assessment and routine data, patients' perspectives were not included. Availability of quantitative data in clinical charts may have affected description of patients' characteristics. The study results may have also been affected by the ageing population and strong influence of geriatric care in the area, as well as by the length of the study window. Additionally, a problem of over identification with the tool cannot be dismissed, due to the high number of ‘advanced frailty patients with no advanced disease criteria’. We are currently monitoring the mortality of this cohort to confirm or reject this hypothesis.
There was a significant number of missing nutritional indicators requiring an objective measure (47.2% due to albumin or 56% due to weight loss)¾see online supplementary appendix. This fact emphasises some discordance between the importance of measuring the nutritional state according to scientific evidence20–23 and the real clinical practice; we wonder whether using other parameters in the evaluation of undernourishment such as body mass index or mini nutritional assessment86 results would be indicated. Some of the indicators described in the background section, such as social vulnerability or symptoms, were not included in the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO tool. Thus, these could not be assessed in the study; similarly, the progression criteria for dementia could only be assessed for patients with severity criteria of dementia.
The proposal of grouping neurologic diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with the group of primary neurodegenerative/Alzheimer is arguable; however, it might have not effected final results, given the low number of patients (n=31, 4% of the total cohort).
Generalisability and future trends
More studies are needed to corroborate these data. However, the results described are a useful basis for future research on the early identification of PACC for integrated PC. Suggested topics to be developed include
The cohort corresponds to persons identified a priori as PACC and likely to die in the foreseeable future. It will be necessary, however, to analyse the behaviour of these variables in relation to mortality. We are currently monitoring the cohort at 24 months.
Given the large prevalence of advanced frailty patients, new frameworks8 and tools87 based on knowledge on geriatrics, primary care and PC are indicated. In fact, these three areas already share methods regarding care process:88 team work, multidimensional assessment, patient-centred care, psychosocial and caregivers support. More shared research between these specialties and public health will best take this agenda forward together.
The conceptual link between the need of multidimensional evaluation of PACC and the high prevalence of advanced frailty patients with no advanced disease criteria can be found in the evaluation of the level of reserve of these patients. Frailty indices,89–93 already proved to have a strong association with mortality, may become the gold standard for situational diagnosis, since they allow to quantify people's health reserves from a universal and objective point of view.
Conclusions
Learning from the behaviour of end-of-life indicators helps clinicians deal with the clinical complexity and innate prognostic uncertainties of this group of patients.
There are indicators of PC needs common to all types of trajectories, and others associated with specific trajectories: dynamic variables most consistently identify PACC and PC needs, regardless of the patient's end-of-life trajectory. Additionally, the analysis of the other indicators allows us to develop useful knowledge relating to how people die in different ways. To explore in detail the characteristics of the indicators in these patients will help to provide them with patient-centred care.
Almost half of the cohort, although identified as PACC, did not have severe or progression advanced disease. This fact is particularly relevant and highlights the need for more research, probably by using new measuring systems for frailty, and the need of alternative conceptual models, probably by defining new end-of-life trajectories, in order to provide better end-of-life care to this great number of people.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ms Sara Ela for her support in reviewing and editing the manuscript. All authors revised, edited and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
References
Footnotes
Twitter Follow Jordi Amblàs-Novellas at @jordiamblas
Contributors JA-N conceptualised and designed the study. MM-M involved in data collection. JCM and OR performed the statistical analysis. JA-N wrote the draft of the manuscript. SAM, MM-M, JE, NM, CB and XG-B contributed to data analysis and interpretation of the findings, reviewed and approved the final manuscript. All authors meet conditions of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors regarding authorship.
Funding JA-N has received research grants from Consultori Bayés for the PhD research project ‘The advanced frailty as a basis for identifying end-of-life situation and decision-making’; there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval 2010/PREVOsona: P10/65 and EO65.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement Additional data are available in the online supplementary appendices. Technical online supplementary appendix and data set are available from the corresponding author on request.