Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Introduction Stroke is a major cause of death and disability, and imposes a huge burden and significant workload for patients, their families and society. As a special form of physical activity, Tai Chi is may be useful for stroke rehabilitation. The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for rehabilitation in stroke patients.
Methods and analysis We will conduct a systematic search of the following electronic databases from their inception to 31 October 2015: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Wanfang and the Chinese Dissertation Database. All relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in English and Chinese will be included. The main outcomes will be changes in the neurological function of patients and in independence in activities of daily living. Adverse events, adherence, costs and the cost effectiveness of Tai Chi will also be assessed. Two independent reviewers will select studies, extract data and assess quality. Review Manager 5.3 will be used for assessment of risk of bias, data synthesis and subgroup analysis.
Ethics and dissemination This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval because all data will be analysed anonymously. Results will provide a general overview and evidence concerning the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.
Trial registration number CRD42015026999.
- tai chi
- systematic review
- protocol
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Strengths and limitations of this study
The current systematic review will reassess the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation and will provide further clinical evidence for both clinicians and patients.
There may be language bias as only studies published in English and Chinese will be included, so relevant studies in other languages may be missed.
There may be significant heterogeneity due to the different types of Tai Chi and duration and frequency of practice.
Introduction
Description of the condition
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide.1 It greatly affects the quality of life of survivors and imposes a huge public health burden.2 As the population ages and lifestyles change, this burden is projected to increase markedly over the next 20 years, especially in developing countries.3 A recent study indicated that stroke mortality rates have decreased worldwide but that the absolute number of new stroke patients, stroke survivors with functional disability, stroke-related deaths, and the overall global burden of stroke have increased in the past two decades.2 An epidemiological study showed that there were over 7 million stroke survivors in China, approximately 70% of whom had functional disability.4 Stroke is the leading cause of disability and impacts greatly on patients' quality of life, resulting in a huge burden and significant workload for families and societies.5 ,6 This situation demands effective modalities for stroke rehabilitation.
Description of the intervention
Tai Chi (also known as Tai Ji or Tai Chi Chuan) is a form of physical activity that has been widely practiced in China and elsewhere. Tai Chi originated in China as a martial art hundreds of years ago. Combining physical movement, meditation and controlled breathing to achieve a mind-body connection, Tai Chi induces relaxation and mental tranquillity and improves balance, postural control, movement coordination, strength and flexibility.7–9 It has become a popular exercise worldwide in recent years.10 Numerous studies have been conducted on the clinical application of Tai Chi and have validated its effects in improving various symptoms.10 Previous studies indicated that Tai Chi can be prescribed as a beneficial and safe exercise for neurological disease,11 ,12 cardiovascular disease,13 ,14 orthopaedic disease,9 ,15 rheumatological disease,16 cancer17 and some other conditions.
Tai Chi has also been incorporated into stroke rehabilitation programmes.18 ,19 Previous studies and reviews suggested that Tai Chi is safe and feasible for stroke patients with functional disability and may serve as an additional exercise modality in stroke rehabilitation. It has been demonstrated that Tai Chi is beneficial in improving motor function,20 standing balance21 ,22 and quality of life,20 ,21 and in reducing fall rates20 in stroke patients. In addition, some ongoing studies are investigating the effects of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation.23 ,24 Thus, it is necessary to systematically review the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation and provide further clinical evidence for the benefit of both clinicians and patients.
How the intervention might work
Tai Chi may be helpful for stroke patients as its practice involves mechanisms similar those of conventional stroke rehabilitation techniques, like the Bobath programme and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.18 Most Tai Chi movements are helical and aimed at strengthening the limbs and core muscles of the abdomen and back.25 This correlates with conventional stroke rehabilitation techniques which also focus on strength exercises for the limbs and the trunk. Since Tai Chi is practiced mostly on one foot, it is also a weight-bearing exercise that improves balance similar to conventional rehabilitation exercises.19 The requirement for deep breathing and relaxation of the body and mind when practicing Tai Chi is consistent with stroke rehabilitation therapies that encourage patients to relax and stay calm to achieve better recovery. One of the most important principles of Tai Chi is ‘conquering the unyielding with the yielding’, which correlates with physiotherapy in treating spasticity with gentle manipulation.
Objectives
The objective of this review is to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for rehabilitation in stroke patients.
Methods and analysis
Types of studies
We will only include clinical randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in English and Chinese without any restrictions on publication status. Non-RCTs, quasi-RCTs and uncontrolled clinical trials such as case studies will be excluded.
Types of participants
Trials involving patients of any age with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke will be included. Stroke must be diagnosed according to the WHO definition (rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global) disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin)26 or confirmed by CT or MRI. There will be no limitation in relation to time from the onset of stroke. Patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage or subdural haematoma will be excluded.
Types of interventions
Similarly to other mind-body interventions like yoga and Qigong, Tai Chi is also inherently varied and heterogeneous which makes standardisation difficult. Thus, we will accept all types of Tai Chi interventions regardless of their form, style, duration and frequency. However, stratified analysis according to these variables will be performed if sufficient studies are included. The intervention in the treatment group should be Tai Chi exercises with or without conventional rehabilitative treatment. The control intervention will include conventional rehabilitative treatment, other forms of exercises, or no treatment. Some other co-interventions, such as basic medication for stroke, lifestyle modifications for stroke, stroke diets and stroke education programmes, are acceptable on condition that the same co-interventions are simultaneously applied in all arms of a study.
Types of outcome assessments
Primary outcomes
The primary outcomes of this review will focus on changes in patients' neurological function, balance and independence in activities of daily living. This will encompass assessment tools based on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Barthel Index (BI), Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL) or the researchers' own definition.
Secondary outcomes
Secondary outcome measures will include possible mental health improvements related to the practice of Tai Chi, adverse events associated with Tai Chi, all-cause death during the entire treatment and follow-up period, adherence to Tai Chi, and the costs and cost effectiveness of Tai Chi.
Search methods for identification of studies
Electronic searches
We will conduct a systematic search of the following electronic databases from inception to 31 October 2015: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Wanfang and the Chinese Dissertation Database (CDD).
We have developed the MEDLINE search strategy (see table 1) based on guidance from the Cochrane handbook and will apply similar strategies for other electronic databases.
Search strategy for MEDLINE
Other resources
The WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) and its Registry Network and the reference lists of related reviews and retrieved articles will be checked for additional studies. We will also scan the abstracts of non-English language studies if they are available in English. We will also search relevant conference papers on this topic.
Data collection and analysis
Selection of studies
Two review authors (YZ and SW) will independently check the titles and abstracts of retrieved results and select all potentially relevant references. All records will be managed with Endnote X7 in a separate database. The two reviewers will then independently read the full texts and select studies to be included based on our predetermined inclusion criteria. In case of unclear information or missing data, we will contact the original authors for clarification. Disagreements regarding inclusion will be resolved by discussion and consultation with an experienced reviewer (XZ). Details of the entire selection procedure will be shown in a PRISMA flow chart (see figure 1).
Flow diagram of the study selection process. CBM, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database; CDD, Chinese Dissertation Database; CNKI, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure; RCT, randomised controlled trial; VIP, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database.
Data extraction and management
Two review authors (YZ and SW) will independently carry out data extraction using a piloted data extraction form which will be developed by all authors with reference to previously published systematic review papers on Tai Chi and stroke. Data will include general information on the publications (reference identification, authors, country, journal name, year of publication, etc), details of study design (sample size, randomisation, blinding, etc), participants (inclusion and exclusion criteria, age, gender, disease duration, etc), interventions (types of Tai Chi, types of control, duration, frequency, etc) and outcomes (observation time points, measurement tools, follow-up, adherence, adverse events, costs and cost effectiveness, etc). The original authors will be contacted in case of missing data. Where there is disagreement regarding data extraction, a third experienced reviewer (XZ) will be consulted for consensus.
Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
Risk of bias will be assessed by two independent authors (YZ and SW) using the Cochrane risk of bias tool recommended by the Cochrane reviewer's handbook. Any disagreements will be resolved through consultation with a third experienced reviewer (XZ). The following will be assessed for risk of bias: selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting and other factors. We will not consider bias among participants and personnel because the practice of Tai Chi makes blinding impossible. All included studies will be categorised into three categories: high, unclear and low risk of bias.
Measure of treatment effect
We will calculate risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MDs) or standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs for continuous outcomes.
Unit of analysis issues
The primary unit of analysis will be all individuals participating in the trials. In case of three or more different intervention groups within a trial, we will present pairwise comparison results through different subgroups of interventions. If available, we will combine relevant groups to provide a single pairwise comparison with the Tai Chi group.
Dealing with missing data
We will contact the original authors in case of missing data. If this fails to elicit the required information, we will only analyse the available data and address the potential impact of these missing data on the results of the review in the discussion section.
Assessment of heterogeneity
We will check the results of the χ2 test (significance level: 0.1) to assess the heterogeneity of included studies and the I2 statistic to quantify inconsistency. An I2 value of 50% or higher will indicate the presence of substantial heterogeneity. If there is a low level of heterogeneity among included studies, we will synthesise the results in a meta-analysis. In case of substantial heterogeneity, we will perform a systematic synthesis instead.
Assessment of reporting biases
We will assess reporting bias according to the CONSORT criteria and will generate funnel plots to assess reporting bias if sufficient studies are included. We will try to explore possible interpretations other than publication bias and language bias if funnel plots are asymmetric.
Data synthesis
Data synthesis will be performed with Cochrane Review Manager (V.5.3). We will adopt the fixed effects model or random effects model depending on the results of heterogeneity assessment.
Subgroup analysis
We plan to carry out subgroup analysis if sufficient comparable studies are identified. We intend to stratify the results by duration, style and frequency of Tai Chi. We will also focus on subgroup analyses of comparison between Tai Chi and different stroke rehabilitation treatments. The incidence rates of different types of adverse events will also be calculated.
Sensitivity analysis
To ensure the robustness of evidence, we will perform sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of studies with a high risk of bias. We will compare the results to decide whether lower quality studies should be excluded on the basis of sample size, strength of evidence and influence on pooled effective size.
Grading the quality of evidence
To help health professional make decisions regarding individual patients, we will further evaluate the quality of evidence for outcomes by using the GRADE system. We will also consider the quality of evidence, potential benefits and harms, study context and patients' value when interpreting the results.
Ethics and dissemination
This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval because all data used will be anonymous with no concerns regarding privacy. Results will provide a general overview and evidence concerning the effectiveness and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.
Discussion
The previous review published 3 years ago failed to determine a beneficial effect of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation.27 Another Cochrane review aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of Tai Chi on dependency and motor function for the recovery of stroke patients was registered in December 2012.28 However, the authors have failed to provide any results of their review. Nearly 10 new RCTs of Tai Chi applied for stoke rehabilitation have been published in the past 3 years. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review to reassess the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation. In the current paper, we have described the protocol for a systematic review designed to assess the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation. We hope that our results may be of benefit to patients and provide further clinical evidence for both clinicians and patients making decisions regarding the practice of Tai Chi for stroke rehabilitation.
However, the proposed systematic review has some potential limitations. There may be a language bias as we will only include studies published in English and Chinese, which mean some relevant studies in other languages (eg, Korean and Japanese) may be missed. Another limitation is that there may be significant heterogeneity due to the various different types of Tai Chi, styles, duration and frequency.
References
Footnotes
Contributors YZ, XZ and ZL conceived the study. The protocol was drafted by YZ, and revised by XZ and ZL. YZ, SW, PC and XZ developed the search strategy. YZ and SW will independently work on data extraction and synthesis.
Funding This work is supported by the following: the Middle-aged Teachers Research Funds of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (grant no. 2015-JYB-JSMS082), the Second Round of Special Project for Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base of the China State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (grant no. JDZX2015312) and the Oversea Teachers Program of China Confucius Institute Headquarters (Hanban).
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The results of the review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.