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  • Diagnostic accuracy of calculated serum osmolarity to predict dehydration in older people: adding value to pathology laboratory reports

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Diagnostics
Research
Diagnostic accuracy of calculated serum osmolarity to predict dehydration in older people: adding value to pathology laboratory reports
  1. Lee Hooper1,
  2. Asmaa Abdelhamid1,
  3. Adam Ali1,
  4. Diane K Bunn1,
  5. Amy Jennings1,
  6. W Garry John2,
  7. Susan Kerry2,
  8. Gregor Lindner3,
  9. Carmen A Pfortmueller4,
  10. Fredrik Sjöstrand5,
  11. Neil P Walsh6,
  12. Susan J Fairweather-Tait1,
  13. John F Potter1,2,
  14. Paul R Hunter1,2,
  15. Lee Shepstone1
  1. 1Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  2. 2Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
  3. 3Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  4. 4Department of General Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  5. 5Department of Emergency Medicine, Södersjukhuset AB, Stockholm, Sweden
  6. 6College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
  1. Correspondence to Dr Lee Hooper; L.hooper{at}uea.ac.uk

Abstract

Objectives To assess which osmolarity equation best predicts directly measured serum/plasma osmolality and whether its use could add value to routine blood test results through screening for dehydration in older people.

Design Diagnostic accuracy study.

Participants Older people (≥65 years) in 5 cohorts: Dietary Strategies for Healthy Ageing in Europe (NU-AGE, living in the community), Dehydration Recognition In our Elders (DRIE, living in residential care), Fortes (admitted to acute medical care), Sjöstrand (emergency room) or Pfortmueller cohorts (hospitalised with liver cirrhosis).

Reference standard for hydration status Directly measured serum/plasma osmolality: current dehydration (serum osmolality >300 mOsm/kg), impending/current dehydration (≥295 mOsm/kg).

Index tests 39 osmolarity equations calculated using serum indices from the same blood draw as directly measured osmolality.

Results Across 5 cohorts 595 older people were included, of whom 19% were dehydrated (directly measured osmolality >300 mOsm/kg). Of 39 osmolarity equations, 5 showed reasonable agreement with directly measured osmolality and 3 had good predictive accuracy in subgroups with diabetes and poor renal function. Two equations were characterised by narrower limits of agreement, low levels of differential bias and good diagnostic accuracy in receiver operating characteristic plots (areas under the curve >0.8). The best equation was osmolarity=1.86×(Na++ K+)+1.15×glucose+urea+14 (all measured in mmol/L). It appeared useful in people aged ≥65 years with and without diabetes, poor renal function, dehydration, in men and women, with a range of ages, health, cognitive and functional status.

Conclusions Some commonly used osmolarity equations work poorly, and should not be used. Given costs and prevalence of dehydration in older people we suggest use of the best formula by pathology laboratories using a cutpoint of 295 mOsm/L (sensitivity 85%, specificity 59%), to report dehydration risk opportunistically when serum glucose, urea and electrolytes are measured for other reasons in older adults.

Trial registration numbers: DRIE: Research Register for Social Care, 122273; NU-AGE: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01754012.

  • GERIATRIC MEDICINE
  • PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
  • NUTRITION & DIETETICS

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008846

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