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HIV/AIDS
Protocol
Mobile phone text messages for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART): a protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials
  1. Lawrence Mbuagbaw1,2,3,
  2. Mia L van der Kop4,5,
  3. Richard T Lester4,6,7,
  4. Harsha Thirumurthy8,
  5. Cristian Pop-Eleches9,
  6. Marek Smieja1,10,
  7. Lisa Dolovich1,11,12,
  8. Edward J Mills13,
  9. Lehana Thabane1,2,12,14,15
  1. 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  3. 3Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  4. 4Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  5. 5Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  6. 6British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, British Columbia, Canada
  7. 7Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba/University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  8. 8Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
  9. 9Department of Economics and School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
  10. 10St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  11. 11Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, McMaster Innovation Park, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  12. 12Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  13. 13Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  14. 14Departments of Paediatrics and Anaesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  15. 15Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  1. Correspondence to Dr Lawrence Mbuagbaw; mbuagblc{at}mcmaster.ca

Abstract

Introduction Mobile phone text messaging is emerging as an important tool in the care of people living with HIV; however, reports diverge on its efficacy in improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and little is known about which patient groups may benefit most from phone-based adherence interventions. We will conduct an individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate the overall and subgroup effects of text messaging in three recently published text-messaging randomised controlled trials.

Methods and analysis Data from two Kenyan and one Cameroonian trial will be verified, reformatted and merged. We will determine pooled effect sizes for text messaging versus standard care for improving adherence to ART using individual patient random-effects meta-analysis. We will test for the interaction effects of age, gender, level of education and duration on ART. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted with regard to thresholds for adherence, methods of handling missing data and fixed-effects meta-analysis. Only anonymised data will be collected from the individual studies.

Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained for the individual studies. The results of this paper will be disseminated as peer-reviewed publications, at conferences and as part of a doctoral thesis. This individual patient data meta-analysis may provide important insights into the effects of text messaging on ART adherence in different subpopulations, with important implications for programme implementation involving such interventions and future research.

  • Statistics & Research Methods

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002954

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    Article summary

    Article focus

    • To outline the analytic plan for a collaborative individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials of text messaging to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

    Key message

    • Individual patient data meta-analysis can provide insight into the patient groups most likely to benefit from text messaging and the most effective kinds of messages.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • Robust analytical methods that take into account within-study and between-study differences.

    • No systematic search for other studies will be carried out.

    Introduction

    More than 30 million people are living with HIV worldwide.1 Over the past few years, considerable progress has been made in the treatment of HIV infection. Key among the developments to control HIV is the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has been shown to slow down disease progression, prevent transmission and boost immunity; however, its success depends on patients achieving high levels of medication adherence.2 Even though some evidence suggests that patients with lower levels of adherence can still achieve viral suppression,3 ,4 optimal adherence is desirable since it is correlated with improved clinical, immunological and virological outcomes.2 ,5 ,6 On the other hand, poor adherence can lead to progression to AIDS, the development of resistant strains, increased transmissibility, more hospitalisations and longer stays.2 ,7 ART adherence can be influenced by a number of factors broadly categorised into patient-related factors, medication characteristics, health system characteristics and disease characteristics.8–13 More specifically, females, people aged above 50 years and the more educated are more likely to be adherent to ART.9 ,14 Adherence to ART may wane over time.15 ,16

    There is an emerging evidence that mobile phones can play an important role in healthcare delivery, especially in resource-limited settings.17 The appeal of using phones to promote adherence has grown as phone ownership rates continue to rise in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere.18 Short message service (SMS) is a particularly useful application that can be used to collect or share information and to enhance communication between health personnel and patients in a low-cost manner.19 With regard to patient management, mobile phone text messages have been demonstrated to induce positive behaviour changes in domains such as smoking cessation, physical activity and self management of high blood pressure, diabetes and asthma.20 Other studies report high levels of satisfaction among participants.21 ,22 In light of these, one can expect SMS texting to serve as reminders to take medication, provide greater connectedness with a provider or provide encouragement to remain adherent to ART.

    A recent Cochrane systematic review synthesising data from two trials conducted in Kenya showed that text messaging is efficacious in improving adherence.22–24 A third trial conducted in Cameroon reported no improvements in adherence.25 Yet, to the best of our knowledge, there are no individual patient data meta-analyses for this type of intervention. We will use individual patient data to aggregate the findings from these three randomised controlled trials.

    The WHO recognises mobile health (mHealth) as a potential resource for improving outcomes in low resources settings.26 This paper will provide the best available evidence for the use of text messages in improving adherence to ART. It will also provide the most accurate estimation of the extent to which, and the subpopulations in whom, we can expect text messages to improve adherence.

    Objectives

    Our primary objective is to determine the overall effect of mobile phone text messages versus usual care for improving adherence to ART using individual level data.

    Our secondary objective is to investigate the effects of mobile phone text messages in subgroups known to have different adherence behaviours: gender, age, level of education and duration on ART.

    Methods and analysis

    Overview of the trials and data sources

    We have obtained individual patient data from three trials: the CAMPS trial,25 the WelTel trial Kenya 122 and one other in Kenya.23 The CAMPS trial (n=200) investigated the use of weekly motivational text messages versus usual care to improve adherence to ART in Yaounde, Cameroon.25 The WelTel trial was a multisite trial of weekly messages inquiring about participants’ status involving 538 participants in Kenya.22 Pop-Eleches et al investigated short daily messages, long daily messages, short weekly messages and long weekly messages compared to standard care in 431 participants in Kenya.23 These studies were included based on the following criteria: they are all randomised controlled trials of a text messaging intervention in people living with HIV to improve their adherence to ART. The characteristics of these studies are reported in detail in table 1. To our knowledge, there are no other published randomaised controlled trials (RCTs) of text-messaging interventions designed to improve ART adherence in resource-limited settings.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Characteristics of included studies

    Data management

    To promote collaboration with the authors of these reports, we will adhere to the highest levels of confidentiality and ensure professionalism by providing regular updates on data handling and analysis.

    We will collect baseline covariates, endpoint data and coding information from each study. Data will be stored on a controlled-access computer with backup and treated confidentially. Data will be stored in its original form, but copied for conversion into SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, V.20.0. Armonyk, New York: IBM Corp). We will check for the missing data and compare it with published trial reports. Any discrepancies will be resolved by contacting the original authors. Data will also be checked for appropriate ranges, for example, an age less than 10 years would be implausible, since only adults were included in the parent studies. Finally, all common variables will be allotted new unified names and an identifier variable will be added to participants from the same trial.

    Data merging procedures

    Only variables that are available in all three data sets will be used. The categories reported in the individual studies will be reformatted into new uniform categories for the individual patient data meta-analysis. The final data set will include the following baseline covariates: age (years), gender (male/female), level of education (none, primary, secondary or higher) and duration on ART (months). The intervention variable will be text messaging (short daily, long daily, short weekly or long weekly modalities) versus no text messaging. The primary outcome will be adherence > 95% with respect to measures used in the three studies (by a visual analogue scale at 6 months25; by medication event monitoring system from week 12 through week 4823; and as a percentage of pills taken at 6 and 12 months22). Secondary outcomes include mortality, study withdrawal, lost to follow-up and transfers. Table 2 describes the original format of the data and how they will be reformatted for use in the individual patient data meta-analysis.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Data merging procedures

    Statistical methods

    Analyses will include all study participants irrespective of whether they received the allocated intervention (intention-to-treat). Summary statistics will be presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR) for continuous variables and number (percent) for categorical variables. The primary outcome will be adherence to ART. All three studies have sufficient data to dichotomise adherence at 95%, defining adequate adherence (greater than 95%) and poor adherence (95% or less). Effect sizes will be computed for comparisons between the various text messaging modalities versus no text messaging, and for all forms of text messaging versus no text messaging. We will report ORs and corresponding 95% CIs. The level of statistical significance, α, will be set at 0.05. Forest plots will be graphed for all pooled effects.

    An individual patient random-effect meta-analysis will be conducted to determine the overall effect of text messaging on adherence, with ‘study’ as a random effect, to model variation across studies and to account for clustering within a study.27 This analysis will be repeated for secondary outcomes. In an adjusted analysis, adherence to ART, our primary outcome and dependent variable will be modelled as a function of the intervention (text message/no text message) and baseline characteristics (age, gender, duration on ART and level of education) as fixed effects.

    Model fit will be tested using maximum likelihood estimations. Multicollinearity will be assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF), with a VIF of 4 or more considered as evidence of substantial multi-collinearity. Data will be analysed using SPSS V.20.0 (SPSS, Inc, 2009, Chicago, Illinois, USA). The data analysis plan is illustrated in figure 1.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Analysis plan for individual patient data.

    Sensitivity analysis

    We will also test the sensitivity of our results to a 90% cut-off point for adherence, imputation of missing data using multiple imputation28 and method of analysis (fixed-effect vs random-effect meta-analysis). For the individual patient fixed-effect meta-analysis, generalised estimation equations (GEE) will be used to obtain the average response over the population.29 An exchangeable correlation structure will be assumed for this analysis—individuals within the same study are equally correlated. We will also report estimates of effects based on aggregate date from the individual studies.

    Subgroup analysis

    The findings from the included studies raise the possibility that text messaging may be more effective at improving adherence among individuals whose adherence is likely to be lower in the absence of any intervention, such as in males and individuals with higher levels of education.22 ,25 For these subgroups, we will add the interaction terms (subgroup-by-intervention interaction) to the models. p Values for the interaction terms will be reported.

    Assessment of heterogeneity

    For the pooled estimates of effect, heterogeneity between studies will be measured using the τ2 statistic (an estimate of the between-study variance in the random-effects model). The χ2 test of homogeneity (level of significance—α=0.10) and the I2 test (the percentage of the overall variation due to heterogeneity) will be used in the fixed-effects models. The intraclass correlation coefficients from the GEE will be reported.

    Risk of bias

    Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised controlled trials.30

    Ethics and dissemination

    This individual patient data meta-analysis was exempt from ethics approval by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board, as it involves only anonymised precollected data. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained for each of the individual studies.22 ,23 ,25 Only anonymised data will be collected from the individual studies. We plan to disseminate our results at international meetings and in peer-reviewed journals. Our findings will also be publicly presented and defended as part of a doctoral thesis.

    Discussion

    We recognise the considerable resources and international cooperation required to perform a meta-analysis based on individual patient data and will build on already existing relationships31 to produce a high quality meta-analysis.

    The two Kenyan trials we included in this individual patient data meta-analysis reported significant improvements in adherence, while the third trial did not. However, the populations and interventions in these three trials, though similar in broad terms (adults living with HIV receiving text messages to improve adherence), are sufficiently different to warrant further investigation. Other differences include the settings, interventions, measures of adherence and duration of the trials.

    The CAMPS trial used a variety of motivational text messages developed based on the health belief theory of behaviour change.25 Responses to these messages were optional. The WelTel trial used a simple “How are you?” to which participants were required to respond within 24 h.22 Pop-Eleches et al used messages designed to address forgetfulness (short message) and lack of social support (long message).23 Participants in this trial were given Nokia mobile phones. All other studies ran for 12 months except the CAMPS trial which ended at 6 months. These differences may have consequences on the effects of the interventions depending on participant preference for a specific kind of message and the length of time required to measure a significant effect.

    Some limitations worth noting include the differences between the studies which limit the generalisability of the findings, notably the different interventions and measures of adherence. However, the availability of high-quality data from three well-conducted studies and our use of multilevel models to account for between-study differences will provide reliable estimates of the effects of text messaging on adherence to ART. Moreover, we did not conduct any systematic search for other relevant trials. Only these three trials were invited to participate in the review.

    Individual patient data meta-analysis holds several advantages over aggregate meta-analysis including the possibility of checking, exploring and reanalysing the data in a consistent way. We can also perform more complex analysis with regard to the associations between interventions and patient characteristics. On the other hand, individual patient data meta-analysis cannot deal with bias originating from study design and conduct.32 It may also be subject to publication bias.33

    By identifying the subpopulations in which the intervention is likely to be most beneficial, this paper will address important clinical and operational questions regarding the use of text messaging to improve adherence to ART. Even though current guidelines encourage the use of text messaging,34 additional knowledge can be gained from pooling and comparing data from individual studies. Text messaging and other phone-based interventions are unlikely to resolve adherence problems for all patients. This paper will provide valuable guidance on patient groups that may be targeted to receive such interventions, thereby increasing cost-effectiveness and freeing up resources to target other patients with more intensive adherence interventions.

    This paper will highlight the key characteristics that are associated with a better response to text messaging for the improvement of adherence to ART. Our findings will inform future research and implementation programmes.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributions All authors participated in the planning of the study. LM and LT conceived the idea. LM wrote the first draft of this manuscript. MLK, RTL, HT, CPE, MS, LD and EJM revised several versions of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.