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HIV/AIDS
Research
A nationally representative survey of healthcare provider counselling and provision of the female condom in South Africa and Zimbabwe
  1. Kelsey Holt1,
  2. Kelly Blanchard2,3,
  3. Tsungai Chipato4,
  4. Taazadza Nhemachena4,
  5. Maya Blum5,
  6. Laura Stratton5,
  7. Neetha Morar6,
  8. Gita Ramjee6,
  9. Cynthia C Harper5
  1. 1Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  2. 2Ibis Reproductive Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 
  3. 3Ibis Reproductive Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
  4. 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harare, Zimbabwe
  5. 5Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
  6. 6HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
  1. Correspondence to Kelsey Holt; keh125{at}mail.harvard.edu

Abstract

Objectives Female condoms are the only female-initiated HIV and pregnancy prevention technology currently available. We examined female condom counselling and provision among providers in South Africa and Zimbabwe, high HIV-prevalence countries.

Design A cross-sectional study using a nationally representative survey.

Setting All facilities that provide family planning or HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) services.

Participants National probability sample of 1444 nurses and physicians who provide family planning or HIV/STI services.

Primary and secondary outcome measures Female condom practices with different female patients, including adolescents, married women, women using hormonal contraception and by HIV status. Using multivariable logistic analysis, we measured variations in condom counselling by provider characteristics.

Results Most providers reported offering female condoms (88%; 1239/1415), but perceived a need for novel female barrier methods for HIV/STI prevention (85%; 1191/1396). By patient type, providers reported less frequent female condom counselling of adolescents (55%; 775/1411), women using hormonal contraception (65%; 909/1409) and married women (66%; 931/1416), compared to unmarried (74%; 1043/1414) or HIV-positive women (82%; 1161/1415). Multivariable results showed providers in South Africa were less likely to counsel women on female condoms than in Zimbabwe (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.68, p≤0.001). However, South African providers were more likely to counsel women on male condoms (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.65, p≤0.001). Nurses counselled patients on female condoms more frequently than physicians (OR=5.41, 95% CI 3.26 to 8.98, p≤0.001). HIV training, family planning training, location (urban vs rural) and facility type (hospital vs clinic) were not associated with greater condom counselling.

Conclusions Female condoms were integrated into provider counselling and care, although providers reported a need for new female-initiated multipurpose prevention technologies, suggesting female condoms do not meet all patient/provider needs or are not adequately well known or accessible. Providers should be included in HIV training efforts to raise awareness of new and existing products, and encouraged to educate all women.

this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non-commercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002208

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