You are here

  • Home
  • Archive
  • Volume 2, Issue 5
  • The impact of drug eluting stents availability on the treatment choice among medical therapy, percutaneous or surgical revascularisation and on 4-year clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: a cohort study

Article Text

Article menu

Download PDFPDF

XML
Epidemiology
Research
The impact of drug eluting stents availability on the treatment choice among medical therapy, percutaneous or surgical revascularisation and on 4-year clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: a cohort study
  1. Zoran Olivari1,
  2. Paolo Stritoni1,
  3. Claudio Burelli1,
  4. Domenico Scalia1,
  5. Stefano Brocco2,
  6. Ugo Fedeli2,
  7. Francesco Avossa2,
  8. Dario Ferlin1,
  9. Bernhard Reimers3,
  10. Giuseppe Grassi4,
  11. Alessandro Fontanelli5,
  12. Carlo Valfrè1
  1. 1Cardiovascular Department, Cà Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
  2. 2Epidemiological Department, Veneto Region, Padova, Italy
  3. 3Cardiovascular Department, Presidio Ospedaliero, Mirano, Italy
  4. 4Cardiovascular Department, Dell'Angelo Hospital, Mestre, Italy
  5. 5Cardiovascular Department, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
  1. Correspondence to Dr Zoran Olivari; zoran.olivari{at}gmail.com

Abstract

Objective To investigate the influence of the availability of drug eluting stents (DES) on treatment choice (TC) among medical therapy (MT), coronary by-pass surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and the consequent clinical outcomes in patients hospitalised because of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Design Observational study comparing two cohorts hospitalised immediately before, and 3 years after DES availability.

Setting Thirteen hospitals with cardiology facilities.

Patients 2131 consecutive patients with at least one coronary stenosis >50% at coronary angiography (CA) after exclusion of those with acute myocardial infarction or previous CABG or associated relevant valvular disease.

Main outcome measures Treatment choice after CA and 4-year clinical outcomes.

Results TC among MT (27% vs 29.2%), PCI (58.6% vs 55.5%) and CABG (14.5% vs 15.3%) was similar in the DES and bare metal stent (BMS) periods (p = 0.51). At least one DES was implanted in 57% of patients treated with PCI in 2005. After 4 years, no difference in mortality (13.8% vs 13.2%, p = 0.72), hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (6.6% vs 5.2%, p = 0.26), stroke (2.2% vs 1.7%, p = 0.49) and further revascularisations (22.3% vs 19.7%, p = 0.25) were observed in patients enrolled in the DES and BMS periods. Only in patients with Syntax score 23–32 a significant change of TC (p = 0.0002) occurred in the DES versus BMS period: MT in 17.4% vs 31%, PCI in 62.2% vs 35.8%, CABG in 20.3% vs 33.2%, with similar 4-year combined end-point of mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction and further revascularisations (45.3% vs 34.2%, p = 0.087).

Conclusions Three years after DES availability, the TC in patients with CAD has not changed significantly as well as the 4-year incidence of death, myocardial infarction, stroke and further revascularisations. In subgroup with Syntax score 23–32, a significant increase of indications to PCI was observed in the DES period, without any improvement of the 4-year clinical outcome.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001926

Statistics from Altmetric.com

    Request Permissions

    If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

    Article summary

    Article focus

    • During the year 2002 drug eluting stents (DES) were introduced in clinical practice, however the impact of their availability on the treatment choices among medical therapy, percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or coronary by-pass surgery and the conseguent clinical outcomes of real-world patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is still unknown.

    Key messages

    • Four years clinical outcome of consecutive patients with confirmed CAD in preDES and DES periods was similar; an increase of indications to PCI was observed only in subgroup of patients with Syntax score 23–32, which did not result in improved clinical outcome.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • As far as we know, this is the first attempt to understand the impact of DES availability on the treatment choices in patients with CAD and conseguent clinical outcomes up to 4 years. In future, it may be advisable to focus similar studies only to the subgroup of patients with higher Syntax scores.

    Introduction

    Drug eluting stents (DES) have been available in clinical practice since 2002 in Europe and 2003 in the USA, where they have been used in up to 90% of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in the following years1 because of their effectiveness in reducing the rate of restenosis when compared with bare metal stents (BMS).2 This effect did not result in a reduction of mortality or myocardial infarction within 4 years after the intervention in randomised clinical trials.3 ,4 In observational studies, the results are somewhat conflicting: some confirmed that DES are effective in reducing the need for new revascularisation without affecting the rate of mortality or myocardial infarction5–7 whereas others reach contrasting conclusions, that is, DES would favour a reduction in mortality and myocardial infarction with minimal impact on the need for repeat revascularisation.8 In any case, only patients who actually had undergone PCI with DES or BMS were the object of all those studies.

    Surprisingly, despite the cost concerns associated with the widespread use of DES,9 no data are available regarding the possible influence of DES availabilty on the choice between different therapeutic options in patients with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) and the consequent impact on the clinical outcomes of this population as a whole.

    The aim of our study was to investigate whether the availibility of DES had any effect on the choice of treatment among medical therapy (MT) versus PCI versus coronary by-pass surgery (CABG) in patients with confirmed CAD and to observe the impact on overall clinical outcomes up to 4 years.

    Methods

    Consecutive patients admitted to participating hospitals for acute or stable ischaemic heart disease and in whom the presence of CAD was demonstrated with coronary angiography (CA) in the first quarter of 2002 (in Italy, DES became available in April 2002) were compared with a similar group in the first quarter of 2005, when DES were routinely used during PCI.

    The study was approved by the ethics commitees in all participating hospitals.

    Participating hospitals

    Thirteen hospitals with cardiological facilities in the Veneto Region participated to the study. In four of them both interventional facilities and cardiac surgery were available, in six only interventional facilities and in three there was no cath lab on site.

    Patient selection and data collection

    All consecutive patients resident in the Veneto Region, admitted in any of the participating hospitals during the two selected quarters (1 January 2002–31 March 2002 and 1 January 2005–31 March 2005), who underwent CA, with or without PCI, were identified from hospital discharge records, by means of ICD9CM procedures, codes 88.55, 88.56, 88.57 and 36.0, in the presence of primary or secondary CAD-related diagnosis (410–414).

    In hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, all consecutive eligible patients were selected (sampling fraction=1), whereas, in order to limit the workload, in the four remaining hospitals with higher volumes of patients, 50% of the eligible patients were selected by means of random sampling (sampling fraction=0.5).

    All hospitals provided complete clinical records as well as CA films for all selected patients, and these were analysed on site by a dedicated team of experts (Heart Team), including one clinical cardiologist (PS), one interventional cardiologist (CB), one cardiac surgeon (DS) and one expert in economics and health management (DF).

    The exclusion criteria were intended to eliminate clinical and angiographic bias that could strongly influence the choice among MT, PCI or CABG: (1) absence of at least one coronary artery stenosis >50% on visual examination; (2) patients hospitalised because of ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), who underwent CA with the aim of performing primary or rescue PCI (only stable patients with STEMI lasting more than 24 h were enrolled); (3) patients hospitalised because of scheduled staged PCI; (4) patients with previous CABG and (5) patients with associated valvular, congenital or aortic disease committed to cardiac surgery. Moreover, patients with unavailable hospital records were excluded.

    All other patients, with at least one coronary artery stenosis >50%, were enrolled.

    For each patient medical records were carefully analysed, films of coronary angiographies were reviewed, and the Syntax score10 was calculated. Based on the results of Syntax trial,11 cut-off points at 22 and 32 scores were considered for the analysis. Data regarding the interventional and surgical procedures were obtained directly from the hospitals where the procedures had been performed.

    From the regional archives of discharge records and mortality data, a 4-year follow-up was obtained for all patients enrolled. It included vital status, cause of death and hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction, stroke or new revascualrisation with PCI or CABG.

    Statistical analysis

    According to the study design, which involved a stratified sampling, the hospital sampling weights were applied to estimate the total number of patients treated at the participating centres. Bivariate and multivariate analyses, taking into account the sampling weights, were carried out with the statistical packages SAS V.9.1.3 and Stata V.11. Clinical presentation, type of treatment and outcomes of patients evaluated in 2002 and 2005 were compared by means of the Rao-Scott χ2 (a Pearson χ2 corrected for the study design). Differences in the overall survival between the two groups were assessed by the logrank test. OR, with 95% CI for the risk of death at 4 years, were estimated by a multiple logistic regression model for survey data, including factors selected a priori: age, gender, year and type of treatment, variables included in the Clinical SYNTAX score (Syntax score, creatinine clearance and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF)), type of coronary syndrome, and presence of diabetes mellitus.

    Initial patient identification, linkage with mortality and hospitalisation data and statistical analyses, were performed by the Epidemiological Department of the Veneto Region (SER).

    Results

    A total of 2464 patients were sampled for the review of clinical and angiographic data; 970 had at least one exclusion criteria, therefore the final study population consisted of 1494 patients hospitalised for acute or stable CAD and at least one coronary artery with stenosis >50%: 676 in the BMS period and 818 in the DES period. By applying the hospital sampling weights, this stratified sample represented a study population of 2131 patients treated in the participating centres during the two periods (1003 subjects in 2002 and 1128 in 2005).

    Demographic characteristics of the two groups are compared in table 1: patients enrolled after STEMI underwent a CA more than 24 h after symptom onset and were clinically stable. History of hypertension and previous PCI were more frequent in 2005. No difference was observed, between the two groups, with regards to clinical status at admission, LV EF and the severity of the coronary artery disease. In both periods, the majority of patients had one/two vessel disease or a Syntax score <23. Among patients treated with PCI, the procedure was performed for restenosis of previous PCI in 12.6% versus 9.0% (p=0.125) patients in 2005 and 2002, respectively.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Demographic, clinical and angiographic charactheristics of the study population: percentages weighted to reflect 1003 subjects treated in 2002 and 1128 in 2005

    The choice of treatment in the BMS and DES periods

    The choice of treatment among MT, PCI or CABG was similar in 2005, when compared with 2002 (table 2), in both stable as well as unstable clinical conditions, with the majority of patients undergoing revascularisation. In patients treated with PCI, the overall use of stents significantly increased and in those sent to CABG the off-pump surgery significantly decreased in 2005 when compared with 2002. In the DES period, 376 patients (33.3% of the study population) received at least one DES.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Treatments performed and discharge medications: percentages weighted to reflect 1003 subjects treated in 2002 and 1128 in 2005

    The revascularisation was complete (no residual vessel >2 mm with stenosis >70% supplying viable myocardium) in 82.6% vs 79.0% (p=0.22) of patients treated with PCI and in 81.6% versus 76.1% (p=0.33) in those treated with CABG, in the BMS and DES period, respectively.

    Prescriptions at discharge significantly increased in 2005 for all medications recommended as Class IA or IB in recent clinical guidelines.12

    In table 3 the different therapeutic options are summarised for subsets of patients based on their Syntax score: only in patients with an ‘intermediate’ score, a significant increase in the use of PCI and a reduction of those sent to CABG or left in MT occurred during the DES period.

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Treatment choice in patients with different Syntax scores: percentages weighted to reflect 1003 subjects treated in 2002 and 1128 in 2005

    Four years clinical outcomes

    The overall mortality during a 4-year follow-up (figure 1) was similar for patients enrolled in 2002 compared to those enrolled in 2005 (13.2% vs 13.8%, p=0.72); the same was confirmed for cardiovascular mortality (8.2% vs 8.1%, p=0.94).

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Survival during 4-year follow-up of patients enrolled in 2002 and 2005; Log-Rank test=0.2236; p=0.6363.

    Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction and stroke were also similar between the two periods; further revascularisations occurred more frequently during the first year of follow-up in patients enrolled in the DES period, and became similar after the 4-year follow-up (table 4). The 4 years combined end-point of major cardiovascular events (death or acute myocardial infarction or stroke) occurred in 17.9% versus 19.3% (p=0.52) of patients enrolled in 2002 vs 2005, respectively.

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Hospital admissions for myocardial infarction, stroke or further revascularizations during 4-year follow up and combined end-point with all-cause death: percentages weighted to reflect 1003 subjects treated in 2002 and 1128 in 2005

    In patients treated with PCI in 2002 vs 2005, the 4-year mortality was similar (9.2% vs 10.6%, p=0.52).

    In patients treated with PCI in the DES period, no difference in mortality was observed at 4-year follow-up among those with at least one implanted DES if compared with patients without DES (9.1% vs 12.6%, p=0.25).

    In patients with a Syntax score of 23–32, the subgroup in which a significant increase of PCI as choice of treatment was observed in 2005, a statistically insignificant trend toward increased mortality occurred after 4 years of follow-up in DES period compared with the BMS period (23.3% vs 16.0%, p=0.18); the same was observed for the combined end-point of mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction and further revascularisations (45.3% vs 34.2%, p=0.087).

    Further revascularisations were performed more frequently with PCI (20.7% vs 16.1%, p=0.035) and less frequently with CABG (2.7% vs 4.8%, p=0.044) in patients enrolled in 2005, as compared with those enrolled in 2002.

    At multivariate analysis (table 5), the independent determinants of increased 4-year mortality were older age, choice of MT, Syntax score >23, LV EF <50%, eGFR <30 ml/min, diabetes mellitus and STEMI at presentation, whereas no impact of the BMS or DES periods was detected. With regard to the combined end-point (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and further revascularisations), the independent determinants of worse outcome were older age, choice of MT versus CABG, Syntax score >33, eGFR <30 ml/min, LV EF <35%, diabetes mellitus and presentation with STEMI (table 6) with neutral impact of BMS or DES period.

    View this table:
    Table 5

    Independent determinants of 4-year mortality . Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and probability associated to a two-tailed test (p) estimated by a logistic regression model for survey data

    View this table:
    Table 6

    Independent determinants of 4-year combined end-point (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke or further revascularizations). Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and probability associated to a two-tailed test (p) estimated by a logistic regression model for survey data

    Discussion

    Ideally, the introduction of a new treatment should answer the unmet needs of patients with a specific disease and, therefore, if really effective, it should have a measurable effect on the clinical outcomes or quality of life for the overall population of these patients.

    In some fortunate historical moments, the availabilty of new technologies may immediately improve the clinical outcomes of a given population with a specific illness. There is no need for an RCT to demonstrate that the timely interruption of ventricular fibrillation with DC shock13 saves lives and improve the overall survival of patients with STEMI. Similarly, when a new treatment is really effective, even a small number of patients enrolled in a dedicated RCT may be enough: in patients with left main disease, CABG has demonstrated to improve survival, when compared with MT, after enrolling only 113 patients in an RCT.14 The role of RCTs is to compare the effectiveness of alternative treatment options, whereas, observational studies should assess interventions in real-world scenarios being frequently under-represented in RCTs. As above, when a new treatment is really effective, that is, the implementation of reperfusion strategies involving primary PCI in patients with STEMI, the impact on survival on the overall population of patients with STEMI may be much more evident in observational studies15 ,16 than in RCTs.17

    With regards to DES, after the demonstration of their effectiveness in reducing the rate of restenosis2 and, therefore, reducing the need for repeated revascularisations, their utilisation in 2005 reached approximately 90% of interventional procedures in USA,1 despite the demonstrated absence of an impact on other major cardiovascular events,3 ,4 and despite their cost-effectiveness could be demonstrated in a limited number of patients, that is, those at high risk for restenosis.9 ,18 Moreover, most recent guidelines on myocardial revascularisation, recommend DES implantation in all patients treated with PCI, in the absence of contraindications to extend double-antiplatelet treatment (Class I LOE A).19 This recommendation is based on a number of randomised, as well as observational studies published in the last 10 years, all of them addressing only the populations of patients who actually underwent revascularisation and comparing DES with BMS or CABG. We were not able to find any publication in Pubmed addressing the impact of DES availabilty on the overall population of patients with coronary artery disease in a real-world practice, candidates, therefore, not only for percutaneous or surgical revascularisation but also for MT, and were unable to understand whether the DES availabilty had any global impact on treatment options and, as such, on the clinical outcomes of this population. Consequently, the study questions were: (1) did DES availability push the indications towards percutaneous interventions and, if so, what was their overall impact on clinical outcome? To find an answer, our comparison was made by extracting upstream two groups of consecutive patients hospitalised in the BMS and DES periods for ischaemic heart disease in the presence of at least one stenosis ≥50% at CA. All patients with a strong clinical indication for PCI (STEMI in the first 24 h and those with previous CABG) or for surgery (associated conditions necessitating surgical correction) were excluded. The patients were enrolled in 13 hospitals with the aim of generalising the findings and the DES period was delayed until the first quarter of 2005 in order to compare a BMS period with a ‘steady-state’ DES period. The completeness of the enrolment of consecutive patients, together with the accurate review of all medical records and angiographies, represents one particular strength in our study and allows to overcome limits inherent in both the analyses limited at administrative records (lack of clinical data) and observational clinical studies (limited coverage and consecutivity concerns).

    The main finding of our study is that the availabilty of DES, being actually implanted in one-third of patients observed in the DES period, had no impact on any of the major cardiovascular events during a 4-year follow-up, including the need for further revascularisation, in the overall population of patients hospitalised because of ischaemic heart disease and with at least one coronary artery stenosis ≥50%. In a multivariable analysis, the 4-year survival as well as the combined end-point of mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and further revascularisations, were unaffected by the availabilty of DES, whereas older age, severe renal failure, LV EF reduction, higher Syntax score and the choice of MT, had an independent negative impact on survival.

    It is not possible to compare our findings to other similar studies, since all published studies investigated patients who actually underwent revascularisation with implantation of BMS or DES. The limitations of these observational studies were underscored by Yeh et al, suggesting that in order to assess the clinical impact of DES, the comparison of a BMS period versus a DES period could be more reliable than comparing patients implanted with one or the other type of stent, in spite of complex statistical analyses.20 We took another step forward by taking into account all patients hospitalised because of ischaemic heart disease, and not only those who underwent revascularisation, in order to assess the overall clinical impact of DES availability, starting from the choice of initial treatment between MT or revascularisation with PCI or CABG.

    Interestingly, our findings do not support the widespread belief that the availability of DES increased indications toward the PCI as the preferred treatment for patients with ischaemic heart disease; only in those with CAD of ‘intermediate’ complexity, that is, with a Syntax score of 23–32, we observed a significant increase of subjects undergoing PCI and a decrease of those left in MT or sent to CABG. This group represented only 17.6% of patients with demonstrated CAD and, therefore, any change of treatment options limited to this group will only marginally impact on the overall results on treatment choice. In our study, the shift toward the choice of PCI as the preferred treatment in this subgroup of patients did not impact on their clinical outcome.

    Another finding of our study is that most of patients with demonstrated CAD showed a ‘low’ complexity disease, that is, Syntax score <23, therefore candidate to MT or PCI more easily then to CABG and with prognosis hardly to be influenced with any type of revascularisation.

    As previously demonstrated in RCTs,3 ,4 no significant difference in mortality or rate of myocardial infarction can be expected in patients treated with DES and this finding was confirmed in our study. With regards to our finding that even further revascularisations were not decreased in the DES period, the only hypothesis we can formulate is that the occurence of clinical restenosis after PCI in a real-world population, during the BMS period immediately preceding the DES availability, was indeed not high: only 12% after 12 months in a series of 3146 consecutive patients.21 Even in the largest reported registry, accounting for 262 700 medicare patients, the use of DES had no impact on the further revascularisations when compared with BMS.8 Therefore, it may be difficult to demonstrate any meaningful difference in the need for further revascularisations associated with DES availability, observing the real-world population of patients with coronary artery disease as a whole.

    Limitations of the study

    The sample size was relatively small to reach statistical significance in some subgroup comparisons, for which the enrolment of a larger number of patients would have been required. On the other hand, if thousands and thousands of patients are to be enrolled to demonstrate any effect of a treatment, it is very likely that the treatment itself has a limited clinical meaning.

    Most of patients had 1–2 vessel disease and/or Syntax score <23 and therefore with expected favourable prognosis as demonstrated in a multivariable analysis. It seems reasonable that further investigation regarding the impact of DES on clinical outcome should address mainly the group of patients with higher Syntax score.

    The follow-up was based on administrative data; therefore, we had no information on the quality of life of patients enrolled in the BMS and DES periods.

    In our study, DES were implanted in 57% of patients who underwent PCI in 2005 and we are unable to extrapolate our findings to different scenarios, that is, the use of DES in 90% of the patients treated. In any case, the most recent data in Italy regarding 2010 show that at least one DES was implanted in 54.8% of 141 916 PCI procedures,22 supporting the fact that our data can be generalised to contemporary real-world practice.

    Conclusion

    In the Veneto Region, among patients hospitalised for coronary artery disease, confirmed by the presence of at least one coronary artery stenosis >50% at CA, the availabilty of DES did not change the proportion of those treated with MT or surgical and percutaneous revascularisation. Moreover, despite the fact that majority of the patients who received PCI in 2005 had at least one DES implanted, no effect on clinical outcome, including survival, rate of myocardial infarction, stroke and further revascularisations, was observed in the overall population when compared with the BMS period. Only in the Syntax score 23–32 subgroup, an increase of indications to PCI was observed in the DES period, without any improvement of 4-year clinical outcome.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors wish to thank all participating centres for their valuable collaboration.

    References

    1. ↵
      1. Epstein JA,
      2. Polsky D,
      3. Yang F,
      4. et al
      . Coronary revascularization trends in the United States: 2001-2008. JAMA 2011;305:1769–76.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    2. ↵
      1. Morice MC,
      2. Serruys PW,
      3. Sousa JE,
      4. et al
      .; RAVEL Study Group. Randomized Study with the Sirolimus-Coated Bx Velocity Balloon-Expandable Stent in the Treatment of Patients with de Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1773–80.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    3. ↵
      1. Kirtane AJ,
      2. Gupta A,
      3. Iyengar S,
      4. et al
      . Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting and bare metal stents: comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized trials and observational studies. Circulation. 2009;119:3198–206.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    4. ↵
      1. Greenhalgh J,
      2. Hockenhull J,
      3. Rao N,
      4. et al
      . Drug-eluting stents versus bare metal stents for angina or acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):pCD004587.
    5. ↵
      1. James SK,
      2. Stenestrand U,
      3. Linback J,
      4. et al
      . for the SCAAR study group. Long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in Sweden. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1933–45.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
      1. Marzocchi A,
      2. Saia F,
      3. Piovaccari G,
      4. et al
      . Long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents: two-year results of the REAL (REgistro AngiopLastiche dell'Emilia Romagna) multicenter registry. Circulation. 2007;115:3181–8.
      OpenUrl
      1. Malenka DJ,
      2. Kaplan AV,
      3. Lucas FL,
      4. et al
      . Outcomes following coronary stenting in the era of bare–metal vs the era of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2008;299:2868–76.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    8. ↵
      1. Douglas SP,
      2. Matthew Brennan JM,
      3. Anstrom JK,
      4. et al
      . Clinical Effectiveness of Coronary Stents in the Elderly: Results from 262,700 Medicare Patients in ACC-NCDR®. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:p1629–1641.
    9. ↵
      1. Garg S,
      2. Eisenberg MJ
      . Drug-eluting stents: more dollars than sense? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:1188–9.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    10. ↵
      1. Sianos G,
      2. Morel MA,
      3. Kappetein AP,
      4. et al
      . The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention. 2005;1:219–27.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    11. ↵
      1. Serruys PW,
      2. Morice MC,
      3. Kappetein AP,
      4. et al
      . SYNTAX Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 5;360(10):961–72.
    12. ↵
      1. Hamm CW,
      2. Bassand JP,
      3. Agewall S,
      4. et al
      . ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2999–3054.
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    13. ↵
      1. Lown B,
      2. Amarasimgham R,
      3. Neuman J
      . New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. Use of synchronized capacitor discharge. JAMA. 1962;182:548–55.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    14. ↵
      1. Takaro T,
      2. Hultgren HN,
      3. Lipton MJ,
      4. et al
      . The VA cooperative randomized study of surgery for coronary arterial occlusive disease II. Subgroup with significant left main lesions. Circulation. 1976;54(6 Suppl):III107–17.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    15. ↵
      1. Kalla K,
      2. Christ G,
      3. Karnik R,
      4. et al
      ., Vienna STEMI Registry Group. Implementation of guidelines improves the standard of care: the Viennese registry on reperfusion strategies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Vienna STEMI registry). Circulation. 2006;113:2398–2405.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    16. ↵
      1. Saia F,
      2. Marrozzini C,
      3. Ortolani P,
      4. et al
      . Optimisation of therapeutic strategies for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: the impact of a territorial network on reperfusion therapy and mortality. Heart 2009;95:370–376.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    17. ↵
      1. Keeley EC,
      2. Boura JA,
      3. Grines CL
      . Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:13–20.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    18. ↵
      1. Hill RA,
      2. Boland A,
      3. Dickson R,
      4. et al
      . Drug-eluting stents: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11:iii, xi–221.
    19. ↵
      1. Wijns W,
      2. Kolh P,
      3. Danchin N,
      4. et al
      . Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2501–55.
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    20. ↵
      1. Yeh WR,
      2. Chandra M,
      3. McCulloch CE,
      4. et al
      . Accounting for the mortality benefit of drug-eluting stents in percutaneous coronary intervention:p a comparison of methods in a retrospective cohort study. BMC Medicine 2011;9:78.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    21. ↵
      1. Agema WR,
      2. Monraats PS,
      3. Zwinderman AH,
      4. et al
      . Current PTCA practice and clinical outcomes in The Netherlands: the real world in the pre-drug-eluting stent era. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1163–70.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    22. ↵

    Footnotes

    • Contributors All the authors contributed to conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published.

    • Collaborators Mirano, 414 (B Reimers, A. Giacomin); Treviso, 362 (E. Franceschini, R. Canola); Mestre, 266, (S. Postorino, E. Polesel), Vicenza, 232 (F. Mistrorigo, L. Salvador); Conegliano, 191, (P. Delise, F.Caprioglio); Cittadella, 110, (M. Zanchetta, L. Pedon); Belluno, 108, (G. Catania, A. Bridda); S. Donà di Piave, 105, (L. Milani, F. D'Ambrosio); Venezia, 99 (G. Risica, M. Martini); Castelfranco Veneto, 71, (C. Cernetti, N. Pellizzari); Camposampiero, 70, (A. Zampiero, A. Di Marco); Feltre, 52, (M. Guarnerio, G. Scalchi); Montebelluna, 51 (G. Neri, F. Alitto).

    • Funding The project was supported by Regione Veneto Health Finalized Research n. 277/2007, DGRV n. 1510, 22/05/2007.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.