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Mental health
Research
Differential use of extended and immediate release quetiapine: a retrospective registry study of Finnish inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders
  1. Taru Hallinen1,
  2. Erkki J Soini1,
  3. Ola Granström2,
  4. Yrjö Ovaskainen3,
  5. Esa Leinonen4,
  6. Hannu J Koponen5,
  7. Kari Hänninen6
  1. 1ESiOR Oy, Kuopio, Finland
  2. 2AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Sweden
  3. 3AstraZeneca, Espoo, Finland
  4. 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Tampere, Medical School and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
  5. 5Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
  6. 6South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
  1. Correspondence to Taru Hallinen; taru.hallinen{at}esior.fi

Abstract

Objective Extended release (XR) and immediate release (IR) quetiapine have differing dosing, titration and plasma concentration profiles. The authors assessed whether the use of quetiapine XR and IR in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) differ.

Design Retrospective non-interventional registry study.

Setting Secondary healthcare.

Participants All SCZ and BD (ICD-10 codes F20–F29, F30–F31) patients discharged between June 2008 and June 2010 from a Finnish psychiatric hospital with any use of quetiapine during their inpatient stay.

Primary and secondary outcome measures Differences in patient characteristics between quetiapine XR and IR users were tested. To assess the profile of XR versus IR patients, logistic regressions were performed.

Results 43 patients used quetiapine XR, 58 used quetiapine IR and 55 used both formulations (n=156). 102 patients were diagnosed with SCZ and 54 with BD, with no significant differences between the quetiapine formulations. The mean daily dose of quetiapine XR was significantly higher than that of quetiapine IR (542 mg vs 328 mg; p<0.001). This was also true for the SCZ subgroup (XR: 593 mg vs IR: 338 mg; p<0.001) and the BD subgroup (XR: 466 mg vs IR: 308 mg; p=0.009). 48% of all quetiapine IR patients used a mean dose of ≤200 mg compared with 2% of XR patients. Injectable antipsychotics were combined with quetiapine IR but not with quetiapine XR (12% vs 0%; p=0.019). At discharge, quetiapine XR was used as monotherapy to a greater extent than IR (79% vs 44%; p=0.003). The odds for quetiapine XR use in hospital were lower with advancing age, substance abuse diagnosis and prior IR use.

Conclusions Among SCZ and BD inpatients, quetiapine XR was more often used as monotherapy and in significantly higher doses than quetiapine IR. Differential use of the quetiapine formulations appears to depend, at least in part, on patient characteristics.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000915

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    Article summary

    Article focus

    • Quetiapine exists in an extended (XR) and an immediate release (IR) formulation with different dosing, titration and plasma concentration profiles.

    • This study assesses whether these differences lead to differential use of the two quetiapine formulations when treating schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder in a routine inpatient care setting.

    Key messages

    • Use of quetiapine XR and IR differs in a routine inpatient care setting: quetiapine XR was used in higher doses and more often as monotherapy when compared with quetiapine IR.

    • Certain patient characteristics differ between quetiapine XR and IR users: the odds for being treated with quetiapine XR in hospital were lower for older patients, patients with a substance abuse diagnosis, and prior IR use.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • The study depicts real-life use patterns of quetiapine XR and IR in an unrestricted patient population: all patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder and any use of quetiapine during their inpatient stay were included.

    • The results may not be generalisable to other settings as the use of quetiapine may differ in other countries and in the outpatient clinical setting in Finland.

    Introduction

    Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders that coaggregate1 and overlap.2 ,3 Atypical antipsychotic (AAP) medications are the first-line treatment of SCZ and commonly used in BD. Guidelines advocate the use of AAP monotherapy for SCZ4 ,5 and as one treatment option in BD, particularly bipolar mania.6 ,7

    Treatment of these disorders in clinical practice is complex. Individualising drug treatments for SCZ and BD with respect to side effects, adherence challenges and patient preferences, is crucial for treatment success.8 ,9 Therefore, different patient and drug characteristics are likely to determine the psychiatrist's drug choice in clinical practice. Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), on the other hand, usually include a strictly defined subgroup of patients. As a result, RCT populations are likely to be a subset of the patient populations that are treated with different antipsychotics in naturalistic, routine care settings with respect to attributes such as age, gender, comorbidities and polypharmacy.

    Currently used antipsychotics differ considerably in their pharmacological properties.10 Indeed, antipsychotics (including AAPs) may differ in efficacy on positive and other symptoms as well as on comorbid symptoms (eg, depression and anxiety) and in terms of side effects (eg, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms and weight gain). Therefore, an individualised drug therapy would be preferable, as it would reflect how different drug characteristics respond to the needs of each patient.

    Quetiapine is an established therapy for SCZ and BD. It exists in two formulations: an immediate release formulation (quetiapine IR) and an extended release formulation (quetiapine XR). Quetiapine XR was developed to provide patients and physicians with a more convenient dosage and a simpler dose administration regimen.11 Quetiapine XR is characterised by once-daily dosing, faster dose titration and different pharmacological and tolerability profiles compared with quetiapine IR.11–14 The different properties of the two quetiapine formulations may influence how these medications are used in inpatient and outpatient settings. For instance, the possibility for faster titration and once-daily dosing could facilitate the use of quetiapine XR in an inpatient setting.

    There is little research on how different formulations of the same antipsychotic are used in real-life treatment settings. To our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the clinical use of quetiapine XR and IR with respect to, for instance, patient characteristics, dosing and add-on medication. This study assesses whether there are differences in the use of quetiapine XR and IR in a routine inpatient care setting. Using logistic regression analysis, we also assess the factors associated with the use of quetiapine XR versus IR.

    Methods

    Study design

    A local, non-interventional, retrospective register study (study code NIS-NFI-SER-2009/1) was designed to evaluate the current clinical treatment practices with quetiapine XR and quetiapine IR in one Finnish psychiatric hospital. The South Karelia Central Hospital in Lappeenranta in Southeast Finland (with four treating physicians and 63 beds in service at the time of the study) has a population catchment area of 130 000. All patients using quetiapine XR or IR during their inpatient stay and having SCZ (ICD-10 codes F20–F29) or BD (F30–F31) diagnosis were included in the study population. No exclusion criteria were applied.

    The patient population consisted of patients who were discharged from the South Karelia Central Hospital between June 2008 and June 2010. There was no need for patient informed consent as this retrospective study was based solely on patient records (ie, hospital databases) and no intervention in routine care took place. The data collected consisted of basic socio-demographic information (age, gender, living circumstances, employment) and information related to the patient's treatment and characteristics at hospital admission (use of antipsychotics at admission, history of psychosis, voluntary/involuntary hospitalisation, global assessment of functioning (GAF) score), during hospitalisation (drug use, diagnoses) and at discharge (use of antipsychotics, GAF). Data were collected systematically by a trained study nurse, using a structured format and at two separate time points: August 2009 and July 2010. To increase the sample size of the study population, the original patient data (n=98) from June 2008 to August 2009 were extended in July 2010 to cover patients discharged between September 2009 and June 2010. The study design and its extension were approved by the South Karelia Central Hospital Research Ethics Board.

    Statistical analysis

    Similarities and differences among the patients using the two different quetiapine formulations were assessed. Variables with normal distributions were tested using t tests on the equality of means, whereas variables with non-normal distributions (normality tested with the Shapiro–Wilk W test) were tested with a non-parametric test (Wilcoxon rank sum test). A p value ≤0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

    The factors that were associated with the use of quetiapine XR versus IR during inpatient stay and at hospital discharge were assessed using logistic regression models. Logistic regression analysis allowed us to test multiple correlations and significances simultaneously. An exploratory approach was chosen for the modelling because we had no solid prior belief about the factors that would determine the use of quetiapine XR and IR. In the primary model (ie, exhaustive model, given the data available), all known characteristics were included as explanatory variables. The final model was obtained by dropping explanatory variables in a stepwise manner until the value of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was minimised. The AIC provides a tool for model selection that rewards goodness of fit and penalises overfitting. In essence, the AIC was used to find the set of variables that best explain the choice between quetiapine XR and IR. In addition, the validity of the model predictions was assessed on the basis of the proportion of patients classified correctly (see, eg, Soini and colleagues15). In a sensitivity analysis, we analysed the use of quetiapine during the inpatient stay in a patient subgroup with a hospital stay of 7 or more days (results available upon request).

    All analyses were performed with Stata (R) statistical software, V.11.1.

    Results

    Patient and drug use characteristics

    The study population consisted of 156 patients (90 men and 66 women), with a mean age of 45.4 years (SD 16.6 years). Of all patients with SCZ and BD (n=399), 39.1% were treated with quetiapine. Approximately one-third of the study patients (n=54) were diagnosed with BD and the remainder (n=102) with SCZ. The mean GAF score at hospital admission was 34.3 (SD 8.4). Forty-three patients used quetiapine XR, 58 patients used quetiapine IR and 55 patients used both formulations (XR and IR) either concomitantly or sequentially during their hospital stay.

    Antipsychotic polypharmacy (66.0% of all patients) and switches between antipsychotics (46.8%) were common during the inpatient stay. There were altogether 78 different antipsychotic drug sequences (ie, concomitant or sequential drug use) among the 156 patients. Use of antidepressants (n=40), antiepileptics (n=38) or anxiolytics (n=39) was found in approximately one-quarter of the patients. The detailed characteristics of the study patients are shown in table 1.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Characteristics of the study patients

    Use of quetiapine XR and IR

    There were significant differences in the patient groups using quetiapine XR and IR (table 1). Compared with quetiapine XR, quetiapine IR was used in older patients (mean age 48.2 vs 40.5; p=0.022) and was more frequently combined with injectable antipsychotics (12.1% vs 0% of patients; p=0.019).

    Considerable differences were found in the way the two quetiapine formulations were used. The mean daily dose of quetiapine was higher for XR than for IR patients: 584 versus 341 mg (p<0.001) during the inpatient stay and 630 versus 394 mg at discharge (p=0.002). The pattern of significantly higher quetiapine XR doses holds across various subgroups (table 2).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Comparison of quetiapine doses in different subgroups of patients (XR and IR group not shown)

    Almost half (48.3%) of the patients in the IR group were using quetiapine in daily doses ≤200 mg, whereas such low doses were observed in only 2.3% of the patients in the XR group (table 3). Consequently, there was a statistically significant difference in the use of quetiapine doses ≥400 mg/day during the inpatient stay between the XR and IR groups: 65.1% of patients in the XR group and 39.7% of patients in the IR group (p=0.011).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Quetiapine doses in the XR and IR groups during hospitalisation and at discharge

    During the inpatient stay, a trend was observed for more common use of quetiapine XR monotherapy compared with IR monotherapy (44% vs 28% of patients; p=0.08). At discharge, monotherapy with quetiapine XR was more common than with IR (79% vs 44% of patients; p=0.003). The mean number of other antipsychotics used during the inpatient stay was higher in the IR than the XR group (1.4 vs 1.1), although this difference was not statistically significant. At discharge, patients in the XR and IR groups used on average 0.4 and 0.8 other antipsychotics, respectively; the difference is statistically significant (p=0.022). More quetiapine IR than XR patients used atypical as well as typical antipsychotics, although these differences were not statistically significant. There were numerical differences in the use of specific antipsychotics between the XR and IR groups, but the only significant difference was in the use of risperidone, which was used at some point during their stay by 19.0% of IR and 4.7% of XR patients (p=0.03). Detailed information about the drug use is found in table A1 in the supplementary material.

    In the XR and IR groups, 76.7% and 58.6% of patients (p=0.058), respectively, were discharged with the study drug. When studying those patients discharged with either quetiapine XR or IR, significant differences in the dose intensity were observed. Among patients discharged with quetiapine monotherapy, the daily doses were ≤200 mg in 3.8% and 60.0% of the patients (p<0.001) in the XR and IR groups, respectively. Similarly, quetiapine daily doses were ≥400 mg in 75.8% and 47.1% of the discharged patients (p=0.016) in the XR and IR groups (either monotherapy or combination therapy with other antipsychotics), respectively. Daily doses ≥600 mg were used by 73.1% and 26.7% of discharged patients (p=0.003) on quetiapine XR and IR monotherapy, respectively. Antipsychotic polypharmacy at discharge was observed in 21.2% of patients in the XR group and 52.9% in the IR group (p=0.004).

    Among the 55 patients using both quetiapine XR and IR during their inpatient stay, 67.3% had a switch between XR and IR, whereas 32.7% used both products simultaneously (at least at some point during their inpatient stay). The mean daily dose of IR was lower compared with the mean quetiapine XR dose within the XR and IR group: 313 versus 509 mg (p<0.001). In this group, 29.1% of patients were discharged using quetiapine IR, 45.5% were discharged with quetiapine XR, 12.7% were discharged with both quetiapine formulations and the remaining patients were discharged with other or no antipsychotics.

    Use of quetiapine XR and IR according to diagnosis

    Among all 102 study patients with SCZ diagnosis, the average daily doses of XR and IR were 593 mg (95% CI 523 to 664) and 338 mg (95% CI 274 to 402; p<0.001), respectively (table 2). Mean daily doses were lower in BD patients: 466 mg (95% CI 386 to 547) for XR patients compared with 308 mg (220–396; p=0.009) for IR patients. In the subgroup of SCZ patients using only quetiapine XR (n=28) or IR (n=44) during their inpatient stay, the daily doses were 622 mg (95% CI 508 to 736) and 328 mg (95% CI 244 to 412; p<0.001), respectively. Among BD patients using only quetiapine XR (n=15) or IR (n=14) during their inpatient stay, the average daily dose of quetiapine XR was 512 mg (95% CI 389 to 635) and the average dose of IR was 382 mg (95% CI 212 to 551; p=0.19). The daily doses of quetiapine XR were higher than doses of IR also among patients in XR and IR group during their inpatient stay, regardless of their diagnosis (SCZ: 567 vs 352 mg; p=0.003; BD: 439 vs 267 mg; p=0.02).

    The characteristics of SCZ patients who used either quetiapine XR or IR during their inpatient stay were broadly similar. The only statistically significant differences between XR and IR patients were observed for age (39.3 vs 47.7 years; p=0.03), prior use of study drugs (IR use in 12.0% vs 55.0%; p<0.001; XR use in 36.0% vs 0%; p<0.001) and use of injectable antipsychotics (0% vs 15.9%; p=0.03). Similarly, the only statistically significant difference between BD patients using either quetiapine XR or IR during their inpatient stay was the use of antiepileptic medication, which was more common among XR patients (53.3% vs 14.3%; p=0.03).

    Exploratory analysis of factors affecting quetiapine XR and IR use

    The factors affecting the choice of quetiapine formulation were analysed among the 77 patients using either quetiapine XR or IR and are presented in table 4. In the exhaustive model, the odds for being treated with quetiapine XR (as compared with IR, holding all other variables constant) were lower with advancing age (OR=0.93; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), substance abuse problems (OR=0.02; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.25), quetiapine IR use prior to admission (OR=0.09; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.58) and SCZ (OR=0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.80 as compared with patients with BD). The odds for XR treatment were higher for patients using antiepileptic drugs (OR=5.22; 95% CI 1.03 to 26.56).

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Results of the logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the use of quetiapine XR versus IR during inpatient stay (excluding patients in the XR and IR group) and at discharge (excluding patients using both XR and IR at discharge)

    The AIC-minimising model instead focused on the most important explanatory variables, excluding ‘unnecessary’ variables from the analysis. Here, the odds for being treated with XR were lower with advancing age (OR=0.93; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98), in patients with substance abuse problems (OR=0.03; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.34) and in patients with quetiapine IR use prior to admission (OR=0.10; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.49). However, SCZ diagnosis and use of antiepileptics no longer had statistically significant coefficients (OR=0.22; 95% CI 0.05 to 1.01 (p=0.052) and OR=4.11; 95% CI 0.91 to 18.59 (p=0.066), respectively). Previous use of quetiapine XR was always associated with use of XR during inpatient stay, and having a disorder that affects mental abilities was always associated with the use of quetiapine IR during inpatient stay; as a result, the modelling procedure dropped patients with these characteristics from the analysis.

    In the exhaustive logistic regression model (table 4) that assesses factors associated with being discharged with quetiapine XR as opposed to IR, statistically significant differences were observed for use of quetiapine IR at admission (OR=0.14; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.47) and use of anxiolytic medication during inpatient stay (OR=0.15; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.59). In the model that minimises AIC, the odds for being discharged with quetiapine XR were lower for patients using quetiapine IR at admission (OR=0.16; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.47), having higher GAF scores at admission (OR=0.94; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99) and patients using anxiolytics during inpatient stay (OR=0.17; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.62).

    The validity of the models can be considered acceptable: in predictions of the sample, the models classified 68%–79% of the cases correctly and produced balanced positive and negative predictive values. In addition, other model fitness measures including Bayesian information criteria and Pseudo R2 were in line with the AIC measure.

    In the sensitivity analysis of quetiapine XR and IR use during the inpatient stay among patients with an inpatient stay ≥7 days, the model predictions improved slightly (results available upon request). In the AIC-minimising logistic regression model, the odds for being treated with quetiapine XR were higher for patients living alone (OR=5.03; p=0.04) and lower for patients having substance abuse problems (OR=0.06; p=0.03), using quetiapine IR at admission (OR=0.07; p=0.004), and having SCZ diagnosis (OR=0.08; p=0.02). There was a trend for increased odds of being treated with quetiapine XR for patients with a history of previous psychosis (OR=8.36; p=0.08) and antipsychotic non-adherence prior to hospitalisation (OR=5.81; p=0.07) and lower odds for patients with increasing age (OR 0.94; p=0.052).

    Discussion

    We investigated the clinical use of long-acting quetiapine XR and short-acting quetiapine IR in 156 hospitalised SCZ and BD patients in one Finnish psychiatric hospital. Our study documents differential use of quetiapine XR and IR with respect to factors such as dosing, add-on medication and discharge medication. Using logistic regression analysis, we also explored the patient characteristics associated with quetiapine XR and IR use. Five important findings merit further comment.

    The first key finding was the complexity of treatments given to SCZ and BD patients. There were 78 different treatment sequences reported in the study, which means that at least one in two patients had a unique drug treatment sequence. This illustrates the requirement to tailor the drug treatment to the needs of the patients in order to achieve treatment response and, ultimately, remission. Indeed, a survey of European psychiatrists has suggested that a mean of 2.5 changes in antipsychotics (excluding titration adjustments) is needed in order to stabilise patients with a newly diagnosed or acute-phase SCZ.8 In our study, a mean of 2.5 different antipsychotics were used during the inpatient stay. Similarly, antipsychotic polypharmacy was observed in 33% of the patients at discharge and 66% during inpatient stay. Other studies have reported antipsychotic polypharmacy in 20%–50% of the patients.16–19

    The second important finding was that, on average, quetiapine XR was used in significantly higher daily doses than quetiapine IR. The mean daily quetiapine XR dose was 584 mg compared with a quetiapine IR daily dose of 341 mg—a difference that widened in discharged patients. In fact, almost half of the patients in the IR group in this study had daily doses below the suggested clinical trial-based optimal quetiapine dose of ≥250 mg.20 A consensus dosing study for psychotic disorders recommend daily quetiapine doses of 400–800 mg21 and expert guidelines indicate doses of 500–800 mg for multiple-episode patients with acute schizophrenia.22 Other evidence stresses that a quetiapine dose ≥400 mg is required to maximise efficacy in acute psychosis or mania.23 ,24 In discharged patients, for example, quetiapine XR was significantly more often given in daily doses ≥600 mg compared with quetiapine IR (in 73% vs 27% of patients, respectively). One interpretation of the high mean daily doses of quetiapine XR is therefore that this quetiapine formulation is used as the main antipsychotic to treat the primary symptoms of SCZ and BD. The low daily doses of quetiapine IR suggest that this formulation is used to treat comorbid symptoms, such as anxiety, and that an additional antipsychotic medication was required specifically to treat SCZ and BD.

    The pattern of high quetiapine XR and rather low quetiapine IR daily doses also held in the subgroups with SCZ (n=102) and BD (n=54). We observed that the average daily dose was lower in BD patients than in SCZ patients. Around half of the BD patients in this study were treated with antidepressants. The effective quetiapine doses are lower in bipolar depression than bipolar mania (see the summary of product characteristics for quetiapine). Moreover, the experience of many Finnish clinicians is that optimal symptom control is obtained with lower antipsychotic doses in patients who use antidepressants and antipsychotics concomitantly.

    A third finding was that the number of concomitant medications was higher in quetiapine IR-treated patients. At discharge, patients on quetiapine IR used a mean 0.8 add-on antipsychotics, whereas XR patients used a mean 0.4, a difference that was statistically significant. Quetiapine IR was also sometimes combined with injectable antipsychotics, whereas quetiapine XR was not. Considering the low average doses of quetiapine IR, it is not surprising that its use was more often associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy. For instance, among patients discharged using the study drug, 53% and 21% of IR and XR patients, respectively, were also prescribed other antipsychotics. This finding supports the interpretation that quetiapine XR is more commonly used as the primary antipsychotic medication, whereas quetiapine IR is more often used as an add-on medication in these severe mental disorders.

    A fourth and rather interesting finding is the existence of a patient group using both XR and IR. The concomitant use of both quetiapine formulations strongly suggests that short-acting and long-acting quetiapine differ in ways that have therapeutic value. Quetiapine XR and IR were used simultaneously in 12% of patients during at least some period of their inpatient stay, and around 5% of patients were discharged with both quetiapine XR and IR. The mean dose of quetiapine XR in the XR and IR group was significantly higher than that of quetiapine IR. This is in line with the clinical experience that in these cases, quetiapine XR is used as the main antipsychotic, whereas quetiapine IR serves as supportive medication for insomnia, anxiety, restlessness, confused behaviour, for example. This practice is supported by a clinical study by Datto and colleagues,12 which showed that quetiapine IR had a stronger sedative effect than the XR formulation 1 h after drug intake.

    Our fifth finding was that certain patient characteristics increase the odds of being treated with quetiapine XR rather than IR in the inpatient setting. In particular, increasing age was consistently associated with decreased odds of being treated with quetiapine XR compared with IR. Concomitant substance abuse problems also decreased the odds of being treated with quetiapine XR, probably because IR is preferred over benzodiazepines in these patients. There was a trend for lower odds of being treated with quetiapine XR in patients with SCZ diagnosis compared with BD patients, when controlling for previous psychoses. As history of psychosis was associated with increased odds of being treated with quetiapine XR, this finding, although not statistically significant, suggests that patients without a history of psychosis but having SCZ diagnosis during the inpatient stay were more likely to be treated with quetiapine IR. Similarly, the odds for being discharged with quetiapine XR as compared with IR were lower when (holding other things constant) the GAF scores at admission were higher, perhaps suggesting that quetiapine XR was used to treat more severe cases.

    Our study has some important strengths in relation to the real-world use of antipsychotic medication. First, by avoiding the selected and arguably unrepresentative patient populations associated with many RCTs, this naturalistic study describes SCZ and BD patients treated by psychiatrists in clinical practice. Often clinical practice differs substantially from RCTs with respect to, for instance, dosage, patient characteristics (eg, comorbidities) and drug exposure (eg, monotherapy vs polypharmacy). Second, since patient informed consent was not needed due to the retrospective design of our study, there was no bias in patient selection. All the hospital's inpatients who had used quetiapine at any time during the 2-year period studied were included in the study. Third, we observed differential use and large dose differences between the quetiapine formulations in both SCZ and BD patients. Fourth, our retrospective analysis of medical records ensured that the psychiatrist's treatment choice was not influenced by the study. By comparison, in RCTs, there is a risk of compromising the patient–doctor relationship due to factors such as intensified monitoring.

    This study also has its limitations. First, we lack information about each patient's specific symptoms that were treated with the study drugs. The patient cohort in our study was also too small to allow separate analyses according to different subtypes of SCZ and BD. Because of this, SCZ was defined with ICD-10 codes F20–F29 and BD with ICD-10 codes F30–F31. More detailed information regarding the symptoms and disorder subtypes would have further improved our ability to explain the differential use of quetiapine XR and IR in the study. Second, as the results are based on healthcare professionals' reports, they may not be fully accurate due to a possible lack of reporting and a risk for misreporting. Third, the study included only hospitalised patients with SCZ and BD in one treatment centre. Regional differences have been previously observed in the use of antipsychotics,19 and therefore, the results may not be representative for all inpatient and outpatient clinical settings in Finland. Fourth, as the study presents a Finnish psychiatric inpatient setting, its findings cannot necessarily be generalised to other countries (see eg, the study by Bitter and colleagues25). However, a recent study on 178 schizophrenia patients in 14 Swedish inpatient clinics confirms our results that quetiapine XR is used in significantly higher mean doses and with significantly less concomitant psychiatric medication than quetiapine IR.26 In that study, the mean daily dose of quetiapine XR was 494 mg compared with 345 mg for quetiapine IR, and quetiapine XR patients used 27% less concomitant psychiatric medications. These findings show that the differential use of quetiapine XR and IR in routine care is not confined to our study.

    Generic versions of quetiapine IR have been available in Finland since 2007. As a consequence, the drug cost of quetiapine IR is lower than for quetiapine XR (although the exact cost difference is unknown due to hospital tender of antipsychotic drugs). This price difference means that there are no economic incentives for an inpatient clinic to use quetiapine XR rather than quetiapine IR. The use of quetiapine XR in this setting should thus be medically—not economically—motivated. In fact, the differential use of the two quetiapine formulations is likely to be explained by the different properties of quetiapine XR and IR. Quetiapine XR is dosed once daily, whereas quetiapine IR is dosed twice daily (except in bipolar depression, where quetiapine IR is dosed once daily). Remington and colleagues27 and Diaz and colleagues28 have shown once-daily dosing to improve adherence in SCZ patients. Moreover, quetiapine XR allows for faster titration to target dose than quetiapine IR,11 which makes it possible to stabilise acutely ill patients more rapidly. Quetiapine XR also displays a smoother plasma concentration profile compared with quetiapine IR. One study showed that the steady-state plasma concentration was lower and occurred several hours later with quetiapine XR compared with IR.13 This is one potential explanation for the faster titration of quetiapine XR. Another study found peak D2 dopamine receptor occupancy to be significantly higher with the IR than with the XR formulation.29 Differences in receptor occupancy properties between quetiapine XR and IR could translate into clinically meaningful differences, for instance related to the tolerability profile. Compared with quetiapine IR, quetiapine XR has been associated with less orthostatic dizziness30 as well as less daytime sedation.12

    Our findings highlight the individual tailoring of drug treatments in patients with SCZ and BD. Even though the patients in our study were using different formulations of the same atypical antipsychotic, the real-life treatment patterns differed considerably between the two formulations of quetiapine. There were also differences in characteristics between patients treated with either quetiapine XR or IR. These findings have implications as to the broader interpretation of RCTs as well as register-based studies. First, they suggest that many RCTs do not capture the individualisation of drug treatments that occur in psychiatric clinical practice, where two formulations of the same antipsychotic may be used differently. Second, our findings can be of importance when conducting register-based studies of antipsychotics where information on patient characteristics and treatment patterns may be missing. Based on our findings, it seems that such studies may be at risk of comparing two or more divergent patient groups as well as different treatment patterns (eg, doses, add-on medication).

    We have shown that among SCZ or BD inpatients, quetiapine XR was used more often as monotherapy and in significantly higher daily doses than quetiapine IR. These results suggest that quetiapine XR is used as the main antipsychotic to a larger extent than IR, whereas quetiapine IR appears to be more commonly used as an add-on medication. This differential use of quetiapine formulations seem, at least in part, to depend on patient characteristics. Further research on the determinants of antipsychotic drug choices, and how therapies are individualised to meet the needs of the individual patient, is warranted.

    Conclusions

    Among SCZ and BD inpatients, quetiapine XR was used in significantly higher doses than quetiapine IR. Compared with quetiapine XR, quetiapine IR was more often combined with other antipsychotics. Differential use of the quetiapine formulations appears to depend, at least in part, on patient characteristics.

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    Supplementary materials

    • Supplementary Data

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    Footnotes

    • To cite: Hallinen T, Soini EJ, Granström O, et al. Differential use of extended and immediate release quetiapine: a retrospective registry study of Finnish inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000915. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000915

    • Contributors YO, TH, EJS and KH contributed to the study design. TH contributed to data management. TH, EJS and OG designed the statistical analyses which TH carried out. TH and OG drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and provided input on drafts of this paper. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

    • Funding This work was funded by AstraZeneca. Employees of Astrazeneca are study authors and as such they contributed to the study design, design and interpretation of data analyses and writing the manuscript.

    • Competing interests TH and EJS are consultants and shareholders of ESiOR Oy, and EJS is also the CEO of ESiOR Oy, the company commissioned by AstraZeneca to help perform this study. ESiOR Oy also carries out studies, consultancy, education, reporting and health economic evaluations for several pharmaceutical, food industry, diagnostics and device companies, hospitals and academic institutions. OG and YO are employees of AstraZeneca. HJK has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca and payment for lectures from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline. EL has received consulting fees and payment for lectures from AstraZeneca. EL and HJK are members of AstraZeneca's advisory board for Seroquel. KH declares no conflict of interests.

    • Ethics approval The ethics approval was provided by the South Karelia Central Hospital Research Ethics Board.

    • Provenance and peer review Two of the authors (TH and EJS) were commissioned to help perform this study. Externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.