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Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer represents about one-third of all cancer diagnoses and accounts for about 15% of cancer deaths in women. Many of these patients experience depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. This may adversely affect quality of life and also contribute to morbidity and mortality. Melatonin is a regulatory circadian hormone having, among others, a hypnotic and an antidepressive effect. It has very low toxicity and very few adverse effects compared with the more commonly used antidepressants and hypnotics.
Methods and analysis The objective of this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial is to investigate whether treatment with oral melatonin has a prophylactic or ameliorating effect on depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction in women with breast cancer. Furthermore, the authors will examine whether a specific clock-gene, PER3, is correlated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances or cognitive dysfunction. The MELODY trial is a prospective double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in which the authors intend to include 260 patients. The primary outcome is depressive symptoms measured by the Major Depression Inventory. The secondary outcomes are anxiety measured by a Visual Analogue Scale, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency and periods awake measured by actigraphy and changes in cognitive function measured by a neuropsychological test battery. Tertiary outcomes are fatigue, pain, well-being and sleep quality/quantity measured by Visual Analogue Scale and sleep diary and sleepiness measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. The PER3 genotype is also to be determined in blood samples.
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Article summary
This is a protocol article on the MELODY trial. The objective of this double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial is to investigate whether daily treatment with 6 mg oral melatonin has a prophylactic or ameliorating effect on depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction in women with breast cancer. Furthermore to examine whether a specific clock-gene PER3 is correlated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances or cognitive dysfunction.
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide with about 1.4 million new cases every year.1 Breast cancer accounts for 31% of the various cancer diagnoses in women and is responsible for 15% of deaths in women due to cancer.2 For Danish women, it is the most common type of cancer and the incidence is rising.3 The incidence rises towards the age of 65 and then the curve flattens out.3 Improvement of treatment has led to increasing 5-year survival, which is now 84% in Denmark4 and 89% in the USA.5 Now focus has turned to optimising quality of life because these patients may have a number of different psychological and physical symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbances.6–12
Methods
Study design and objectives
MELODY (The effect of MELatOnin on Depression, anxietY, cognitive function and sleep disturbances in breast cancer patients) is a prospective double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in which we intend to include 260 patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer at Herlev University Hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark. If target sample size is not being adequately achieved, other centres/hospitals in Denmark will be invited to participate.
The objective is to investigate whether treatment with oral melatonin has a prophylactic or ameliorating effect on depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction in women with breast cancer. Furthermore, we will examine whether a specific clock-gene, PER3, is correlated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances or cognitive dysfunction.
Patients in the intervention group will receive 6 mg oral melatonin daily 1 h before bedtime for 1 week preoperatively to 12 weeks postoperatively. Patients in the control group will receive placebo.
The melatonin/placebo will be supplied from Pharma Nord ApS (Vejle, Denmark), and the tablets (melatonin/placebo) are physically identical.
Study population
Approximately 1 week preoperatively patients are individually assessed and screened for inclusion (table 1). This includes a Mini Mental State Examination, a neuropsychological test with the ISPOCD test battery13 and the Major Depression Inventory (MDI).14–16 Hereafter, patients will on a daily basis fill out Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) regarding anxiety, fatigue, pain, general well-being and sleep, complete a sleep diary and fill out the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). An Actigraph will be mounted on the wrist and worn continuously until 2 weeks postoperatively. Patients will be randomised to either 6 mg melatonin or placebo. Patients will be instructed to take their medicine every evening at 21:00–22:00 and continue with this for 13 weeks. A blood sample will be collected for the analysis of PER3 genotype.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
A visit is scheduled 2 weeks postoperatively where patients are tested with the ISPOCD test battery and the MDI. At this time, the Actigraph will be taken off.
During the last 10 weeks of the study, patients will be assessed with the MDI twice and every 2 weeks fill out VAS regarding anxiety, fatigue, pain, general well-being and sleep, complete a sleep diary and fill out the KSS.
At the final visit, 12 weeks postoperatively patients will be tested with the ISPOCD test battery and the MDI.
To ensure compliance and promote participant retention and follow-up, patients will throughout the whole study period of 13 weeks be contacted by telephone seven times to remind them to fill out VAS, sleep diary, KSS and MDI at appropriate times, to remind them to take their tablets daily, to ask about adverse reactions and to ask about diagnosis of depression since the last contact.
Criteria for discontinuing in the trial
During the trial, patients who experience serious peri- or postoperative complications/events causing unexpected morbidity or pain during the first postoperative days (ie, cardiopulmonary complications (myocardial infarction, serious arrhythmia, pulmonary oedema), thromboembolic complications (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) and wound infection (with fever and elevated white blood cells and C reactive protein)), will be excluded. No further data will be collected on these patients after they are excluded; previously collected data will not be analysed, and the patients will not continue the trial medication.
The goal with medicine compliance is a minimum of 75% compliance in the first 3 weeks and 50% for the rest of the study period. Patients will be excluded if they at the visit 2 weeks postoperatively have not taken at least 75% of the study medication. No further data will be collected and the patients will not continue the trial medication. Patients who have not taken at least 50% of the trial medication at the last visit will not be analysed on the long-term effect variables. Patients will be instructed to bring all the study medication (open and closed blister packets) with them at every visit to control compliance.
All potential, included and randomised patients will be accounted for in a screening log, in an identification list, in the CONSORT trial profile and in a baseline data table.
Randomisation
Patients who have provided written and informed consent preceding inclusion and who meet all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria are randomised to either melatonin 6 mg or placebo. Inclusion and randomisation is done 1 week preoperatively.
The randomisation is based on blocks of six. The randomisation list is computer generated using dedicated software (http://www.randomization.com). To ensure that the randomisation list is not known to the investigator, this procedure is completed by the pharmacy who receives the medicine directly from Pharma Nord ApS. In case of dropouts leading to <120 patients in each group, the study will include new blocks of six patients to ensure randomisation and balance between the two groups.
Data and adverse events
Data are collected on individual paper case report forms (CRFs), and data will be stored for 15 years and then destroyed. Data from these CRFs will be transferred as double data entry to a database. In this database, patients are coded with a patient number and the database is saved on the hospitals computer server to ensure maximum security. Spot checks to validate data transfer from the CRFs to the electronic database will be completed by the Good Clinical Practice Unit.
Due to melatonins relative non-toxicity shown in both animal and human studies and due to the fact that prolonged treatment with melatonin or melatonin receptor agonists have not shown any serious adverse effects, no Data Monitoring Committee is initiated and no interim analyses have been planned in the course of the study.
Throughout the trial, both the sponsor/investigator, who informs the patient and the patient herself, will be blinded. A code breach will occur if an unexpected event arises in relation to the surgical procedure and/or the postoperative period where there is a reasonable probability of an adverse reaction. Unexpected events do not include procedure-related surgical/medical/anaesthetic complications. Code breach is possible without prior contact to sponsor/investigator. The risk of early trial termination is not existent.
The summary of product characteristics for melatonin will be used as a reference document. The following known, usual side effects (1%–10%) and non-usual side effects (0.1%–1%) will not be registered as adverse events: light headache, light nausea, dyspepsia, minor symptoms of sleepiness and light morning drowsiness. Furthermore, complications in relation to surgery will neither be registered as adverse events.
All adverse events will be registered and reported to the Danish Medicines Agency and the local ethics committee in the final report. All serious adverse events will be reported to the local ethics committee in an annual report together with a report on patient safety. All serious adverse reactions will be reported to the Danish Medicines Agency in an annual report together with a report on patient safety. The summary of product characteristics for melatonin will be used to judge whether a serious adverse reaction is expected/unexpected and thereby a possible sudden unexpected serious adverse reaction. The sponsor/investigator will make sure that all information about sudden unexpected serious adverse reactions, that are lethal or life threatening, will be registered and reported to the Danish Medicines Agency as soon as possible and at the latest 7 days after sponsor/investigator has received knowledge of such a reaction. At the latest 8 days after this reporting, sponsor/investigator will inform the Danish Medicines Agency of the follow-up. All other sudden unexpected serious adverse reactions will be reported to the Danish Medicines Agency at the latest 15 days after sponsor/investigator has gained knowledge of these. In these situations, the patient will be followed until the reaction has terminated—either via contact with the sponsor/investigator or via the outpatient clinic at the hospital.
Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone that is produced at night in the corpus pineale in a rhythmical pattern and controlled by an endogenous clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.17 Its main function is to synchronise the circadian rhythm.17 Melatonin is mostly known for its role as a circadian hormone, but it also has known sedative,18 19 anxiolytic,18 19 analgesic,20 21 antihypertensive,22 23 non-inflammatory24 and oncostatic effects.25–27 Melatonin has a possible antidepressive effect28–34 probably based on its effect on the central circadian regulation35 and an effect on improving cognitive function.36 Figure 1 shows the complexity of the relationship between breast cancer and depression and the possible attack points of melatonin.
The relationship between breast cancer and depression. Modified after Fann et al.6
The secretion rhythm, fluctuations and levels of melatonin have been previously investigated with regard to surgery, depression and also breast cancer. After surgery, melatonin secretion has shown to be acutely disturbed37 with a delay of secretion and reduced amplitude.38 39 Various lines of evidence show that depressed patients exhibit disturbances in both the amplitude and the shape of the melatonin secretion rhythm, with some studies showing a low nocturnal melatonin secretion and others showing an increase in secretion.35 A growing amount of evidence from prospective studies suggests an association between night work and breast cancer risk, most likely due to subsequent melatonin suppression.40
Melatonin is relatively non-toxic.41–43 Animal studies have shown that the maximum dose given in vivo, without any adverse effects or death, is 200 mg/kg for pregnant rats throughout the whole pregnancy and 800 mg/kg for mice.44 45 The drug has been used in many clinical studies of both adults18–20 22 41 42 46 47 and newborns48 49 without serious adverse effects. Doses of 1000 mg daily for 1 month have been given, and the only reported adverse effect was drowsiness.41 In a recent systematic review, the most often reported side effects were headache, dizziness, nausea and drowsiness.50
PER3 clock-gene
Previous studies have shown that certain genes, called clock-genes, have a role in regulating circadian rhythms and sleep in humans.51 A coding region in the clock-gene PER3, which is repeated in either 4 or 5 units, has been coupled to various phenotypical traits, A or B people, sleep diseases,52–54 affective disorders,55 56 cognitive function after sleep deprivation,54 57 and in one study,58 a relationship was found between the 5/5 og 4/5 genotype of the PER3 gene and breast cancer. We would like to investigate whether sleep quality, cognitive function or depressive symptoms are correlated with any of these three PER3 genotypes.
Ethics
The study will be performed in agreement with the Helsinki II declaration and law 503 of 1992 about the Scientific Ethics Committee System and is approved by the local ethics committee (H-4-2011-007). The study has also been approved by the Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT nr. 2010-022460-12) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (2007-58-0015/HEH.750.89-12). The project is registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors—clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01355523. The Good Clinical Practice Unit at Copenhagen University will oversee the trial and conduct trial audit periodically.
All authors will have direct access to data during and after the trial. Furthermore, the sponsor/investigator will allow direct access to source data/documents, including patient charts, at monitoring, audit and/or inspection from the Danish Medicines Agency, the Good Clinical Practice Unit or from health authorities from other countries.
Effect parameters
Major Depression Inventory
The primary, secondary and tertiary effect parameters of the trial can be seen in table 2. Major Depression Inventory (MDI) is a self-rating scale including 12 questions. The questionnaire is already well documented in a Danish population.14 The questions cover the 10 ICD-10 questions for depression, and the symptoms are identical with the DSM-IV major depression diagnosis apart from one symptom, low self-esteem (question 4), which in DSM-IV is incorporated in the question about guilt (question 5). The MDI includes 10 items, where items 8 and 10 are divided into two sub-questions a and b. For items 8 and 10, the highest score of questions a and b is included. The individual items are measured on a 6-point Likert scale with graduations depending on the extent of the symptom the last 14 days, 0 (the symptom has not been present) till 5 (the symptom has been present continuously).
Effect parameters
The MDI has a dual function. It can be used as a diagnostic tool where it can, by algorithms, lead to either DSM-IV or ICD-10 categories of ‘major’ or ‘moderate to severe depression’. An acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of depression according to ICD-10 and DSM-III/DSM-IV has previously been found.15 The MDI can also be used as a measuring instrument to indicate the severity of the depression. Thus, the MDI correlates with the Hamiltons Depressions Scale (HAM-D).16
Actigraphy
Actigraphy is a well-known, non-invasive method to objectively measure sleep. Using an actigraph, activity levels are registered by a wrist-worn mini-computer. This method which does not disturb the patients' sleep has been used for many years59 and also in the postoperative setting.60 It has been shown that actigraphy has a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting sleep start, sleep periods and awakenings.59 The gold standard for measuring sleep is polysomnography. Actigraphy has a high specificity for detecting whether the patient is asleep or awake but cannot differentiate between sleep stages and score REM sleep.
An actigraph measures small accelerations with a piezo-electrode and stores this in an internal memory. Data can be recorded via different modalities, and we will be using the zero crossing method, where all accelerations (>0.1G), which cross a certain threshold (0 or very close to 0), will be detected. The sleep analysis will be performed by dedicated software (Action4 software; Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., New York, New York, USA) by using the Cole–Kripke algorithm.61 Data will be reported as total sleep time per period, sleep efficiency, sleep ratio, number of awakenings and duration of awakenings. The method is validated and has been used previously to measure sleep in patients with breast cancer before, during and after surgery.62–65
The ISPOCD neuropsychological test battery
The cognitive function of the patients will be tested preoperatively and at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. The test battery consists of four validated tests: the Visual Verbal Learning Test, the Stroop Colour-Word Test, the Letter-Digit Coding Test and the Concept Shifting Task.
The test battery takes approximately 45 min to complete and has been used previously in the large multicenter ISPOCD trial.13
Anxiety and sleep quality measurements
A subjective feeling of anxiety will be registered on a VAS going from ‘no anxiety’ to ‘worst possible anxiety’. Measurements will take place daily for the first 3 weeks of the study and every 2 weeks for the last 10 weeks.
Subjective sleep quality will be registered on a VAS going from ‘best possible sleep’ equivalent to 0 mm to ‘worst possible sleep’ equivalent to 100 mm. Patients will also fill out VAS regarding general well-being, fatigue and pain. Measurements will take place at the same time as for anxiety.
Furthermore, a sleep diary, recording sleep time and awakening time, will be completed daily for the first 3 weeks of the study and thereafter every 14 days. Patients will at the same time periods complete the KSS, which is used to quantify levels of sleepiness. KSS is a 9-point scale from 1 (very awake) to 9 (very sleepy), where a score of 7 or more reflects pathological sleepiness.66
Other collected data
Age, weight, height, menopausal status, educational level, cohabitation status, work market affiliation, household income, number of children/number of children living at home, smoking habits, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, duration of surgery, the size of the incision, consumption of analgesics postoperatively and which postoperative oncological treatment each patient receives after surgery.
Statistical analysis and sample size calculation
The sample size estimation is based on a conservative estimate of the incidence of depression of 30% in breast cancer patients7 with a reduction to 15% with melatonin treatment. With a power of 80%, a risk of type I error of 5% and a risk of type II error of 20%, we should include 120 patients in each group receiving melatonin or placebo. We have chosen to include 130 patients in each group. Statistical analyses will be done using SPSS V.18.0.
Regarding our primary outcome mean MDI total scores and prevalences of ICD-10 mild, moderate and severe depression will be calculated for both samples. Normality of the data will be tested by one sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and parametric or non-parametric statistics will be used accordingly. The two groups will be compared by Fisher's exact test for the primary outcome. Paired Student t test or Wilcoxon test will be used for intragroup comparisons and unpaired Student t test or Mann–Whitney's test for intergroup comparisons. For repeated measures, Friedman test or an analysis of variance will be used when appropriate.
For comparing anxiety by VAS and sleep architecture (objective data from the actigraph), we will do intergroup comparisons with Mann–Whitney's test and intragroup comparisons using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
For analysing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in the two groups, we will use 2×2 tables and a Fisher's exact test. Patients will be defined as having POCD if two of the seven Z-scores in individual test or the combined Z-score are ≥1.96.13 Analysis of variance will be used to analyse the two groups and the specific Z-scores for the seven subtests and the combined Z-scores. A Bonferroni correction will be made when performing multiple comparisons.
For analyses of correlation between PER3 genotype and sleep, cognitive function and depressive symptoms, a logistic regression analysis will be used. For the subjective parameters fatigue, pain, general well-being and sleep quality/quantity measured by VAS and sleepiness by KSS, we will do intergroup comparisons with the Mann–Whitney test and intragroup comparisons using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We plan to do intention-to-treat as well as per protocol analyses. In general, p<0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
Discussion
There is a complex relationship between depression and breast cancer with influence from various factors (figure 1). Due to the high frequencies of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction in patients with breast cancer, a high interest is found in preventing these co-morbid symptoms.
Depression is both underdiagnosed and undertreated in many cancer patients,11 67 especially those with breast cancer.68 The overall rate of depression in patients with breast cancer is higher than in most cancers. This is most likely because menopause, either naturally occurring or premature due to the effects of chemotherapy and/or anti-hormone treatment, and oestrogen decline are related to depression.6 It has been shown that up to 50% of patients with breast cancer may experience depression and/or anxiety within the first year of diagnosis.7 Concomitant breast cancer and depression is associated with higher mortality and morbidity67 69–72 and also lower patient satisfaction73 and compliance to adjuvant therapy74 and general medical treatment.75 Even a year after surgery, many women still deal with an anxiety problem76 and about 15% are still depressed.7
Studies have shown that treating anxiety and depression in these patients with breast cancer improves their quality of life, leads to a higher completion of adjuvant therapy and extends their lifetime.68 77 78 Therefore, it is important to optimise the treatment of these symptoms.
A number of randomised, controlled trials have examined the efficacy of antidepressants compared with placebo in patients with breast cancer.78–85 A high number of dropouts due to side effects related to the antidepressant treatment have also rendered such trials difficult to complete.79 84 86 Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants may reduce tamoxifen's effectiveness and are associated with an increased risk of mortality.87 88
Sleep disturbances are a frequent problem in cancer patients.89 90 Compared with other types of cancer, breast cancer is associated with an exceptionally high rate of reduced sleep quality10 89 which can be found even many years after end of treatment.8 The estimated prevalence of sleep problems among patients with breast cancer is between 38% and 61%,10 89 91 92 and it may reduce quality of life in this group of patients.91 93 About 30% of patients with breast cancer take hypnotics10 89 92 leading to a potential dependency problem and it is therefore important to focus on treatments with less adverse effects.
The sleep disturbances can be due to a variety of factors, both physical and psychological, which all have a mutual influence on each other. Among the psychological factors, depression and anxiety are well known, and these patients also exhibit a change in sleep architecture.94 In general, depressed patients display sleep abnormalities such as difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, lose of slow-wave-sleep and changed REM sleep.95 Pain and hot flushes are examples of the physical factors.8 91 92
Overall, it is difficult to conclude whether sleep disturbances are a precursor or a sequelae of depression. Various studies in healthy individuals have shown a causal relationship between sleep disturbances and the following development of depression.96 97 More specifically for patients with breast cancer, a circadian rhythm disruption has been associated with depression, fatigue and pain.62 63 65 98 Altogether, there is a complicated relationship between circadian disturbances, sleep and mood,35 and this is especially prevalent in patients with breast cancer.99
Disturbances of cognitive function are a prevalent phenomenon in patients with breast cancer and can influence the general quality of life in this group of patients.9 12 Studies have suggested that the cancer per se and/or the treatment with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy or genetics can be contributing factors in the development of cognitive disturbances.100 101 POCD is characterised by a deterioration in memory, concentration and information assessment after surgery.13
In other settings, some studies have shown that melatonin can attenuate cognitive dysfunction,36 102 103 and this mechanism together with the general improvement of sleep could be beneficial on cognitive disturbances in this specific group of patients. Since there is no specific knowledge on this topic with regard to breast cancer, it is necessary to investigate whether the development of cognitive problems can be prevented by melatonin treatment.
In conclusion, we hope, with this project, to decrease the occurrence of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction in patients with breast cancer and in a larger perspective reduce morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life for these patients. With regard to genetics, this project could lead to the possibility of being able to detect women with a higher risk of developing the above mentioned problems and then give indication for selective prophylactic treatment. The diversity of melatonin's physiological functions and treatment effects are continuously being investigated in both animal and human studies. To date, the effect of melatonin in a breast cancer population with the above-mentioned indications has not yet been studied.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
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Footnotes
To cite: Hansen MV, Madsen MT, Hageman I, et al. The effect of MELatOnin on Depression, anxietY, cognitive function and sleep disturbances in patients with breast cancer. The MELODY trial: protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000647. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000647
Funding This work was supported by grants from the University of Copenhagen, the Aase and Ejnar Danielsens Foundation, the A P Møller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science, the Else and Mogens Wedell Wedellborgs Foundation, the Beckett Foundation, the Hede Nielsen Family Foundation, the Dagmar Marshalls Foundation and Manufacturer Einar Willumsen's Memorial Scholarship. These above-mentioned funders have had no influence on the study design, will have no influence on collection, management, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report or the decision to submit the report for publication. All these activities are done by the authors. Pharma Nord provided the melatonin and placebo tablets but had no influence on the study design and will have no influence on the interpretation of results.
Competing interests None.
Contributors All authors have participated in making substantial contributions to conception and design, drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and all authors have approved the final version to be published.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.