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Abstract
Introduction Corticosteroid injections (CSI) are a recommended and often-used first-line intervention for shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) in primary care and orthopaedic settings. Manual physical therapy (MPT) offers a non-invasive approach with negligible risk for managing SIS. There is limited evidence to suggest significant long-term improvements in pain, strength and disability with the use of MPT, and there are conflicting reports from systematic reviews that question the long-term efficacy of CSI. Specifically, the primary objective is to compare the effect of CSI and MPT on pain and disability in subjects with SIS at 12 months.
Design This pragmatic randomised clinical trial will be a mixed-model 2×5 factorial design. The independent variables are treatment (MPT and CSI) and time with five levels from baseline to 1 year. The primary dependent variable is the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and the secondary outcome measures are the Global Rating of Change and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. For each ANOVA, the hypothesis of interest will be the two-way group-by-time interaction.
Methods and analysis The authors plan to recruit 104 participants meeting established impingement criteria. Following examination and enrolment, eligible participants will be randomly allocated to receive a pragmatic approach of either CSI or MPT. The MPT intervention will consist of six sessions, and the CSI intervention will consist of one to three sessions. All subjects will continue to receive usual care. Subjects will be followed for 12 months.
Dissemination and ethics The protocol was approved by the Madigan Army Medical Center Institutional Review Board. The results may have an impact on clinical practice guidelines. This study was funded in part by the Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Products Grant through the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists.
Trial Registration http://clinicaltrials.gov/ NCT01190891.
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Article summary
Article focus
Shoulder pain is a common symptom in patients seeking healthcare for musculoskeletal complaints.
Corticosteroid injections (CSI) are a common first-line intervention for shoulder pain in primary care settings, but their long-term efficacy has not been established.
The long-term efficacy of manual physical therapy and CSI will be evaluated and compared from baseline out to 1 year after enrollment.
Key messages
Manual physical therapy has been shown to provide improvements in pain and function in patients with shoulder impingement but has not been directly compared with CSI.
Understanding which interventions have better long-term outcomes may be instrumental in helping improve clinical practice guidelines for the management of shoulder impingement syndrome.
Strengths and limitations of this study
This randomised controlled study will compare the effectiveness of a manual physical therapy approach to a corticosteroid injection in patients with shoulder impingement.
This is a pragmatic study evaluating two interventions that are standard practice and have been shown to be effective for shoulder impingement.
Even as a single blinded randomised clinical trial there is no true control group, and we cannot state whether true a cause-and-effect relationship exists.
Owing to the pragmatic nature of the study, the intervention will not be standardised, which could make it difficult for clinicians to replicate.
The lack of a gold standard with the diagnosis of shoulder impingement makes this population difficult to study.
Introduction
Shoulder impingement is among the most common function-limiting disorders of the musculoskeletal system.1 2 The point prevalence of shoulder symptoms has been reported to range from 20 to 33%,3 and the incidence of shoulder complaints in the general population is increasing.4 Furthermore, several authors have reported low rates of perceived recovery (patient reports of ‘being cured’) for patients with a new episode of shoulder pain.4–7 Less than 25% of patients with a first episode of shoulder pain may recover and be symptom-free after 3 months.5 Recovery rates at 18 months have been reported only between 49% and 59%,5 6 8 and 25% of patients with shoulder or neck pain experience at least one episode of recurrence within 12 months.9 These findings suggest that shoulder pain can be recurrent and frequently progresses to the chronic stage.
A comprehensive manual physical therapy (MPT) approach, including both thrust and non-thrust techniques and reinforcing mobility exercises, is a common intervention for patients presenting with a primary report of shoulder pain.1 9–16 This comprehensive approach has shown improvement in shoulder symptoms with mobilisation and manipulation techniques targeted to the thoracic spine, cervicothoracic spine, rib cage and acromioclavicular joints,9 12 in addition to the glenohumeral joint. A recent systematic review by Ho et al17 stated there was no clear evidence to suggest additional benefits of manual therapy to other interventions for shoulder impingement, indicating the need for further high-quality research. That systematic review was conducted through January of 2007, excluding some more recent trials discussed below.
In a trial by Bergman et al,10 patients with a primary report of shoulder pain were randomly assigned to receive usual medical care for their shoulder symptoms from their primary care physicians or usual care plus manipulative therapy (UMC+MT) directed at the cervicothoracic spine and rib cage for a maximum of six treatment sessions. The group that received manipulative therapy reported increased rates of ‘full recovery’, and improved disability out to 52 weeks.10 In a trial by Bang and Deyle,9 significant improvements in function and pain with the use of an MPT approach, consisting of manual techniques and reinforcing exercises, were seen out at 2 months. Two other studies compared the use of manual mobilisation techniques in addition to a comprehensive offering of various therapeutic modalities and exercise, and showed improved outcomes in the groups that received mobilisations in addition to their comprehensive programme.10 18 Several other studies have looked at a less pragmatic approach to manual therapy by breaking down the manual therapy approach into several subcomponents.18 19 No evidence for harm with using this intervention has been reported.
Corticosteroids injections are a common intervention for symptoms from shoulder impingement and have also been shown to be an effective treatment for shoulder pain. They are one of the most common procedures for the management of shoulder pain used by orthopaedists, rheumatologists and general practitioners,20 with 96% of clinicians in a recent survey stating that CSI is an efficacious treatment option for rotator cuff pathology.21 Conflicting evidence in the literature suggests their efficacy in the management of shoulder impingement is not well established.22–27 A recent meta-analysis by Arroll and Goodyear-Smith23 evaluating the efficacy of CSI for painful shoulder conditions (included rotator cuff tendonitis and adhesive capsulitis) concluded that subacromial injections are probably effective for improvement of rotator cuff tendonitis when compared with placebo or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but that there is still insufficient evidence to determine the extent of their effectiveness. Five studies compared subacromial injection with placebo and showed significantly better results then placebo in all studies,28 but only three of those studies were specifically for shoulder impingement. The determination of effectiveness was based on dichotomising results into success and non-success based on the terms that included ‘responder,’ ‘decreased pain’ and ‘remission.’
A recent Cochrane review24 and a meta-analysis by Gaujoux-Viala et al26 indicated that steroid injections were not more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of shoulder and elbow tendonitis. Another review by Koester et al27 found nine randomised clinical trials comparing subacromial corticosteroid injection with placebo in patients with rotator cuff disease and concluded that subacromial corticosteroid injection is not effective for the treatment of rotator cuff disease. It has been reported that the variable success with subacromial CSI may be due to inaccuracy of the clinician in terms of approach (posterior or anterolateral),29 tendon penetration30 and/or inconsistencies in dose.23
Specific aim
The aim was to determine if there is any clinically significant difference in outcomes of pain and disability between subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome that receive MPT compared with CSI at 1 year.
Trial design and methods
The study will be a randomised clinical trial. The independent variables are treatment (MPT and CSI) and time with five levels from baseline out to 1 year. The primary dependent variable (DV) is the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The secondary DVs are the Global Rating of Change (GRC) and the Numeric Pain-Rating Scale (NPRS). Figure 1 demonstrates the flow of subjects through the trial. This will be a trial assessing pragmatic delivery of two common interventions, and will report results following CONSORT guidelines for pragmatic trials.31 The current SPIRIT guidelines for creating protocols for randomised clinical trials were followed.32
Proposed recruitment flow of the study. CSI, corticosteroid injection; GRC, Global Rating of Change; NPRS, Numeric Pain Rating Scale; MPT, Manual Physical Therapy; SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index.
Participants
We will recruit 104 subjects, male and female, between the ages of 18 and 65 years with a primary complaint of shoulder pain through the Physical Therapy departments at Madigan Army Medical Center as well as the outlying primary care clinics on the military installation. They will be recruited through the referral source to Physical Therapy from outlying clinics (Family Practice, Orthopaedics and Primary Care clinics). If recruitment targets are not being met, flyers with information about the study may be distributed for potential subjects to enquire about, as patients in this setting have direct access to physical therapy care and do not need a referral source.
Inclusion criteria:
Age 18 and older.
Read, write, and speak English.
Eligible for healthcare at a military medical treatment facility.
Primary complaint of shoulder pain (glenohumeral region).
Meets diagnostic criteria for shoulder impingement (mentioned below).
Exclusion criteria:
History of a shoulder injection for the current episode of pain.
History of shoulder dislocation, subluxation, fracture, adhesive capsulitis the glenohumeral joint or cervical/shoulder/upper back surgery.
Isolated acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) pathology. The only location of symptoms is localised specifically with one finger directly over the ACJ and nowhere else, and reproduced only with ACJ palpation by the examiner.
Full-thickness rotator cuff tears (evidenced by MRI and/or positive lag signs).
Presence of cervical radiculopathy, radiculitis, or referral from cervical spine.
Total baseline SPADI score not <20% (to prevent a ceiling effect with treatment).
History of breast cancer on the involved side.
Prior MPT treatment to the involved limb for the current episode of pain.
Military service members pending a medical evaluation board, physical evaluation board or equivalent discharge process, or in medical hold to determine long-term disposition. For non-military personnel, anyone who is pending or undergoing any litigation for their injury.
Contraindications or precautions to receiving a corticosteroid injection (history of allergies, adverse reactions, history of multiple injections in that area even if not within last 30 days, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, etc).
Unable to give informed consent to participate in the study.
Unable to come into the clinic for regular treatment over the course of the following month.
Diagnostic criteria for entry:
To be included in the study, participants are required to have:
Pain with one of the two tests in category I; and
Pain with one test from either category II or category III.
with ‘pain’ being defined as reproduction of the usual pain that the subject experiences that makes up the nature of their complaint.
Category I: impingement signs:
Passive overpressure at full shoulder flexion with the scapula stabilised.
Passive internal rotation at 90° of shoulder flexion in the scapular plane and in progressive degree of horizontal adduction.
Category II: active shoulder abduction:
Active shoulder abduction
Category III: resisted break tests:
Abduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
These criteria have been used in previous clinical trials to classify patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.17 23
Randomisation
Once the baseline examination is completed, a second investigator blind to the baseline examination will open the randomisation envelope indicating the patient's treatment group assignment that corresponds to the patient's unique identification number. A random-number generator will be used to establish randomisation lists prior to the initiation of the study. Individual randomisation assignments will be concealed according to the following procedure. The group assignment will be recorded on a label that is affixed to a 3.5×5 inch index card. This card will be folded in half such that the label with the patient's group assignment will be on the inside of the fold. The folded index card will then be placed inside the envelope, and the envelope will be sealed. This will prevent the possibility of the therapist holding the envelope up to the light and visualising the patient's treatment group assignment through a sealed yet transparent envelope.
Blinding
Owing to the nature of this study, it is not possible to blind the patient or the clinician providing the intervention to the treatment received. The clinician performing the screening, baseline and follow-up measurements, and outcome assessments will be blinded to the patient's treatment group assignment. Patients will be instructed not to discuss the intervention received with the clinician when reporting for their follow-up appointments unless medically necessary. Incidence of unmasking will be recorded.
Interventions
Both treatment options are standard-of-care interventions. Their allocation and dosage are described in table 1.
Treatment allocation and dosage
Manual physical therapy
At the first session, the examiner will perform a standard clinical examination in order to determine the appropriate application and delivery of MPT (appendix 1) to the entire shoulder, spine, and adjacent joints. The goal of MPT is to improve the quality of motion and decrease the pain associated with motion at the target joint and soft tissue. For our purposes, we define our MPT as the combination of manual techniques to include joint mobilisations (both thrust and non-thrust techniques), soft-tissue mobilisations, manual stretches and contract–relax techniques, along with the exercises that help reinforce those techniques. We feel this is consistent not only with other shoulder trials, but also with other MPT trials.9 33–35 The application of techniques will not be based on a regimented protocol that is identical for each patient, but rather tailored specifically to the impairments identified during the clinical examination. We feel this approach is pragmatic and consistent with the actual delivery of MPT in the clinical setting.
The examiner will provide an initial intervention of MPT that is targeted to impairments found during the initial clinical examination (the patient will return for a maximum total of six treatment sessions over the following 3 weeks). Each session will last approximately 30 min. The subjects will receive some of the protocol exercises (appendix 2) to augment the joint mobilisations, which will collectively make up the MPT intervention.
The clinicians providing the MPT are two fellowship-trained orthopaedic manual physical therapists, who both received training in the same 18-month programme, to ensure consistency with delivery of this intervention approach.
Corticosteroid injection
The examiner will perform a standardised clinical examination and health screening in order to confirm the absence of contraindications to steroid injection. The subject will then receive an injection in the subacromial space of the symptomatic shoulder by a senior Sports Medicine Fellowship Trained Family Physician (appendix 3). The subject will also receive a handout explaining the effects of the steroid injection and how to manage any potential flare-ups or ensuing pain, and a handout describing pendulum exercises for the subject to perform. The physician will spend approximately 30 min with each subject explaining the rationale for the injection, relevant anatomy, performing the procedure and reviewing the pendulum exercises.
The subject can receive up to a total of two shoulder injections with a minimum of 1 month between injections if they are not getting relief of symptoms with the initial injection. This will be dictated by patient preference and the approval/recommendation of the physician performing the injection procedure, as this would represent a pragmatic approach commensurate with standard practice.
Outcome measures
The primary DV will be the SPADI, and the secondary DVs will be the GRC and the NPRS.
Shoulder Pain and Disability Index
SPADI is a 100-point, 13-item self-administered questionnaire, divided into two subscales: a five-item pain subscale and an eight-item disability subscale. Williams et al have shown that the SPADI is responsive to change and accurately discriminates between patients who are improving or worsening.36 A high test–retest reliability and internal consistency for this instrument has been reported.37 A recent systematic review identified a minimal detectable change of 18 points and a minimally clinically important difference (MCID) of 8–13 points.38 The validity and responsiveness to change of SPADI have been described in physical therapy, as well as primary- and secondary-care settings.39
Because disability will be used as an outcome of interest, it is important to ensure a moderate level of disability will be present at the inception of the treatment. Thus, patients will be required to have at least a baseline SPADI score of 20 points (average of pain and disability subscales). A score of 0 indicates no pain or functional limitation with the described activities.
Global Rating of Change questionnaire
The GRC questionnaire is an instrument that measures overall changes in the quality of life of the subject.40 The use of a GRC is a common, feasible and useful method for assessing outcome,41 and has been shown to be a valid measurement of change in patient status in other pain populations.42 A change in score of three rating points (+3) has been established as clinically significant in the patients perception of quality of life.41 The GRC has 15 possible choices, with 0 being equal to no change, −1 to −7 indicating a negative change and +1 to +7 indicating a positive change.
Numeric Pain-Rating Scale
An 11-point pain-rating scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) will be used to assess pain intensity in the shoulder.43 This scale has been demonstrated to be reliable and generalisable, and to have internal consistency in measures of clinical and experimental pain sensation intensity.44 45 A change of at least three points has been suggested as the MCID for the NPRS in patients with shoulder pain.46
Justification of sample size
The calculations were based on detecting a 12-point (or 9.2% change—based on reported MCID range of 8–13 points)38 difference in the SPADI with a standard deviation of 10 points, a two-tailed test and an α level =0.05. This generates a sample size of 43 subjects per group. Allowing for a conservative dropout or loss to follow-up rate of approximately 20%, we will recruit 104 subjects into the study. Planning for a larger loss to follow-up rate is deemed necessary in this military population where follow-up at 1 year can be challenging with multiple deployments and changes in duty station around the world. This sample size will yield greater than 80% power to detect both statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in the other outcome variables. Sample-size estimation was performed with G*Power software, V 3.1.2.47
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics will be run on the demographic data (age, gender, race, etc) and health characteristics of the study population to include measures of central tendency (means, medians other percentiles) and dispersion (standard deviations, ranges) which will be computed for continuous data for summary. Frequency distributions will be estimated for categorical data. Graphical displays including histograms and box plots will be produced. Transformations will be sought for variables to be included in further analyses to ensure distributional assumptions are met.
We will examine the primary aim using a linear mixed model with repeated measures to account for the correlation among repeated observations from the same patient. Time (baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months) and treatment group (MPT and CSI) will be modelled as fixed effects, with the SPADI questionnaire as the primary dependent variable. A separate model will be constructed in a similar fashion with pain (NPRS) and the GRC as the DV. The hypothesis of interest will be the group-by-time interaction. Treatment effects will be calculated from the between-group differences in change score from baseline to 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. No patients will be removed from the analysis for lack of adherence to treatment procedures. Missing data points will be estimated in the mixed model analyses using restricted maximum likelihood ratio estimation with 100 iterations. If one treatment is shown to be superior to the other, supplemental analyses will be performed by dichotomising groups based on minimal clinically important differences of 13% for the SPADI.45 This will allow computation of absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction and number needed to treat (with associated 95% CIs) using failure to obtain clinically meaningful benefit as the event of interest. The level of significance for all analyses will be a priori established at 0.05 using a two-tailed test.
Because of potential crossover between groups, data will be analysed using both per-protocol and intention-to-treat principles. The per-protocol analyses will only include patients who completed the study in the group to which they were randomly assigned. The intention-to-treat analyses will include all patients who were randomised at baseline regardless if they crossed over. Data analysis will be conducted using SPSS for Windows V 16.
Trial organisation and monitoring
The investigative team includes the authors listed in this protocol, in addition to three other licensed physical therapists who will assist with subject screening, data collection, subject follow-up and data entry. The principal investigator will manage data flow and perform audits of the procedures, enrolment and treatment throughout the entire process of the study. The associate investigators will monitor the data-collection process and data integrity with periodic evaluation performed continually during the course of the data-collection phase.
Discussion
This randomised clinical trial will be the first study that directly compares the short- and long-term effects of an impairment-based MPT approach and CSI for patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. The results of this study may help to establish best clinical practice guidelines for this patient population.
Ethical considerations and dissemination
All interventions provided in this study are considered standard of care and could be given to a patient as part of their treatment plan even if they were not part of this study. An ethics review will be conducted by Madigan Army Medical Center and monitored by the US Army Medical Department Clinical Investigation Regulatory Office to ensure compliance with federal regulations for protection of human medical research subjects. This clinical trial was registered with http://clinicaltrials.gov/ with a registration number of NCT01190891.
Publication policy
The results of the trial will be published in an appropriate journal regardless of outcome. We will report the results following the CONSORT statement with the recommended extension for pragmatic trials.31
Projected timetable for trial
March 2010—protocol approved by the Western Regional Medical Command Institutional Review Board.
June 2010—subject enrolment begins.
June 2011—first subject completes 1-year follow-up.
July 2011—subject enrolment complete.
July 2012—last subject completes 1-year follow-up.
December 2012—data entry and analysis complete.
June 2013—publication with study results submitted for publication.
Appendix 1 Manual physical therapy manual techniques.48
Represents the majority of the techniques used, but is not inclusive or representative of all of them.
Appendix 2 Home exercise programme handout for MPT group
Appendix 3 Corticosteroid injection procedures
References
Footnotes
Correction notice The “To cite: …” information and running footer in this article have been updated with the correct volume number (volume 1).
To cite: Rhon DI, Boyles RE, Cleland JA, et al. A manual physical therapy approach versus subacromial corticosteroid injection for treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome: a protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2011;1:e000137. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000137
Funding This study is funded in part by the Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Products Grant through the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists.
Competing interests None.
Ethics approval Ethics approval was provided by the Madigan Army Medical Center Institutional Review Board.
Contributions DIR conceived the idea for the project and is the PI. All authors contributed to writing and reviewing the protocol, as well as reviewing and submitting the protocol for publication. JAC provided advice with statistical and methods design. DIR and REB will provide all the direct interventions for the MPT group. DLB will perform all the injections for the CSI group.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.