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Abstract
Objectives To assess the state of immunity to varicella zoster virus (VZV) and rubella virus (RV) among newly recruited healthcare workers (HCWs) in Kuwait before they begin work, and to determine whether there are differences in the prevalence of seronegativity according to nationality, gender, age group and occupation group.
Setting This cross-sectional study involved analysis of blood samples from workers newly recruited to the Kuwaiti healthcare system.
Participants All new non- national HCWs recruited during the study period (n=1540).
Intervention Enzyme-linked immunoassays for VZV-specific and RV-specific IgG were performed.
Results Among HCWs, 81.9% and 93.5% were immune to VZV and RV, respectively. Male seronegativity was higher than that of females for both viruses. Regarding VZV, the majority of seronegative individuals were Indians (23.5%), followed by Somalis (12.5), Filipinos (6.5) and Egyptians (5.4%); the between-group differences were significant for all groups. The age groups 20–30 and 30–40 years were most likely to be seronegative, with prevalences of 18.2% and 18.9%, respectively. VZV seronegativity was most common among nurses (21.1%) and least common among physicians (9.2%), and the difference was significant. In addition, RV seronegativity was most frequent among Somalis (12.5%) and lowest among Indians (5.3%); other nationalities (Egyptian, Filipino and others) ranged between 9.1% and 9.6%. Seronegative individuals were most frequently in the younger age group (<20 years old) (17.5%), followed by the >40 years old group (10.4%). RV seronegativity was highest among nurses (6.9%) and lowest among physicians (5.2%).
Conclusion The prevalence of seronegativity is highest among Indians for VZV and Somalis for RV, and HCWs aged 20–40 years for VZV and <20 years for RV. For both viruses, the seronegativity rate was highest for male HCWs, and for nurses compared with other HCWs, with physicians having the lowest prevalence of both viruses.
- seroprevalence
- varicella zoster virus
- rubella virus
- health care workers
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The inability to project results of the current study for other areas than Arabian gulf as they share the same circumstances. Morever, small sample size as regard the study duration because it depended on how many expatriate healthcare workers (HCWs) were recruited or needed during the study period.
The lack of collection of data/samples from Kuwaiti national HCWs as well as expatriates and the lack of collection of vaccination data for all HCWs.
The equivocal enzyme-linked immunoassay results were considered negative, and we were unable to obtain new blood samples from these HCWs for retesting.
We were dealing with HCWs who, after the objectives and importance of this study were explained to them, understood and cooperated during their routine examination, which is required as a prerequisite to work and reside in Kuwait.
The study encountered some difficulties with language barriers because of the inclusion of HCWs with multiple nationalities; however, these were overcome with the help of colleagues of the same nationalities, where possible, or by knowledge of their language or use of English as a common language.
Introduction
Varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles) are caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), while rubella (German measles) is caused by the rubella virus (RV). These are all transmissible vaccine-preventable diseases that can spread via contact with contaminated sources and importantly can be transmitted via the airborne route.1
VZV infection is considered a self-limiting disease in schoolchildren and younger children; however, in pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised and elderly individuals, VZV infection can lead to serious complications, including congenital anomalies or stillbirth, acute cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis and varicella pneumonia. In addition, while RV generally causes mild symptoms in children, under certain circumstances, it can lead to serious disease in pregnant women. During the first trimester of gestation, RV can pass through the placenta and cause intrauterine infection and congenital rubella syndrome.2–7
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are important sources of VZV and RV transmission and spread, because they frequently deal with pregnant women, newborns, immunocompromised patients and elderly individuals, which puts them at greater risk of being exposed to and acquiring VZV and RV. Outbreaks of these diseases have occurred in the community and in hospital settings (nosocomial infections).8
HCWs are defined as all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health. They could potentially be exposed to infected patients and/or infectious materials, including body substances and contaminated medical supplies, surfaces or air. HCWs include (but are not limited to) health service providers (health professionals except nursing, nurses and midwifery professionals, modern health associate professionals except nursing, nursing and midwifery associate professionals, health technicians, emergency medical service personnel, dental personnel, pharmacists, laboratory personnel and autopsy personnel) and health management and support personnel (computing professionals, social science and related professionals, administrative associate professionals, secretaries and keyboard operating clerks, security, maintenance, administrative and billing staff, and volunteers).8
HCWs come to work in Kuwait from many countries, particularly low/middle-income countries where these diseases may be endemic. The main HCWs in Kuwait consist of physicians (almost 60% of whom are non-Kuwaitis), nurses (approximately 80% of whom are non-Kuwaitis), technicians (about 40% of whom are non-Kuwaitis) and other support staff (30%–35% of whom are non-Kuwaitis).9
A very important step in the prevention of VZV and RV outbreaks is to gather information on the state of immunity among expatriate HCWs and to vaccinate non-immune individuals before they start working.10–12 According to our knowledge, there are no previous studies on the prevalence of IgG against VZV and RV among expatriate HCWs coming to work in Kuwait. The aim of this study was to assess the overall seroprevalence of IgG against VZV and RV among expatriate HCWs recruited to work in Kuwait, and to determine the between-group differences in the prevalence of seronegativity by nationality, gender, age group and occupation.
Objectives
To assess the overall state of immunity to VZV and RV among newly recruited HCWs in Kuwait before they started working, and to determine the differences in the prevalence of seronegativity between different nationalities, genders, age groups and occupation groups.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2015 to January 2016. Informed verbal consent was obtained from the HCWs prior to their inclusion, and all agreed to participate in the study. The informed consent process followed WHO Research Ethics Review Committee criteria for obtaining informed consent.13
The study included 1540 non national HCWs who constitute all the non- national HCWs recruited during the study period. They were interviewed during the study period at the Kuwaiti Expatriate Examination Centre during their compulsory blood collection and examination as prerequisite for residency approval. The interviews involved a short list of questions on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, country of origin and occupation). Routine blood samples were collected from each HCW as a prerequisite for obtaining official residency in Kuwait. The samples collected were transferred to the Central Virology Laboratory, which is accredited by the WHO. For each sample, serum was separated using a centrifuge and stored at –20°C prior to testing.
Enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIAs) for VZV-specific and RV-specific IgG were performed using Roche Diagnostics Kits. The EIAs had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 88%. As part of the testing process, optical density (OD) values were obtained according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Each sample was classified as negative if the OD was <0.20 and positive if it was >0.70; sera with equivocal OD values between 0.20 and 0.70 were also considered negative.
Data were analysed using SPSS V.20 software. After conducting descriptive statistical analyses, we used χ2 test and χ2 with Fisher’s exact (when applicable) test to assess the between-group differences in the prevalence of seronegativity for the four categorical variables: nationality (Indian, Egyptian, Filipino, Somali and other), gender, age (<20, 20–30, 30–40 and ≥40 years) and occupation (physician, nursing staff (ie, nurse or nursing assistant), technician and others). P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The results showed that 279 (18.1%) of the HCWs were seronegative for VZV. Tables 1 and 2 show the between-group differences in the prevalence of VZV seronegativity by nationality, gender, age group and occupation, respectively. The seronegative rate was highest among Indians (23.5%), followed by Somalis (12.5%), Filipinos (6.5%) and finally Egyptians (5.4%). Using Indian as the reference category, the differences with the Egyptian, Filipino and other groups were all significant (p<0.001); however, the difference with the Somali group was not. Analysis by gender demonstrated that seronegativity was more prevalent among male (22.2%) than female (15.6%) HCWs, and the difference was significant (p<0.001). Regarding age groups, the 20–30 and 30–40 years old were most likely to be seronegative, with rates of 18.2% and 18.9%, respectively; however, there were no significant differences compared with those aged <20 years. VZV seronegativity was most common among nurses (21.1%) and least common among physicians (9.2%), and the difference was significant. The prevalences among technicians and other HCWs were 15.7% and 17.7%, respectively, and the difference (compared with physicians) was significant for technicians but not for other occupations.
Varicella zoster virus-specific IgG seroprevalence among HCWs according to sociodemographic criteria
Varicella zoster virus-specific IgG seroprevalence among HCWs by occupation
Only 100 (6.5%) of the HCWs were seronegative for RV. Tables 3 and 4 show the between-group differences in the prevalence of RV seronegativity by nationality, gender, age group and occupation, respectively. The percentage of seronegative individuals was highest among Somalis (12.5%) and lowest among Indians (5.3%). The percentage for other nationalities (Egyptian, Filipino and others) ranged between 9.1% and 9.6%. Using Indian as the reference category, there was a significant difference with Egyptians (p<0.05); however, the differences with the Filipino, Somali and other groups were not significant. Analysis by gender showed that a higher proportion of male (7.4%) than female (5.9%) HCWs were seronegative; however, the difference was not significant. Regarding age groups, the seronegativity rate was highest for the youngest group (<20 years old) (17.5%), followed by the oldest group (≥40 years old) (10.4%). The rates for the age groups of 20–30 and 30–40 years old were 5.8% and 5.4%, respectively, and the differences (compared with those aged <20 years) were significant. RV seronegativity was highest among nurses (6.9%) and lowest among physicians (5.2%); however, the difference was not significant.
Rubella virus-specific IgG seroprevalence among HCWs by some sociodemographic criteria
Rubella virus-specific IgG seroprevalence among HCWs by occupation
Discussion
In this study, we aimed to assess the overall prevalence of VZV-specific and RV-specific IgG seropositivity among newly recruited expatriate HCWs in Kuwait and to assess the differences in the prevalence of seronegativity between different nationalities, genders, age groups and occupation groups. This study targeted the new recruited HCWs for the Kuwaiti healthcare system due to the fact that it is compulsory for them to be checked against VZV and RV antibodies prior their inclusion in the healthcare system. The ultimate goal is to help to prevent nosocomial infections and reduce the risk of VZV and RV transmission to high-risk groups (pregnant women, newborns immunocompromised patients and elderly individuals) to protect individuals in hospitals and in the wider community from serious sequelae that could overburden the healthcare system and community development programmes.
The study included 1540 expatriate HCWs who had been newly recruited to work in Kuwait. We found that 81.9% and 96.5% of HCWs were immune to VZV and RV, respectively. Somewhat similar results were found in a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where the corresponding seropositivity rates among HCWs were 86% for VZV and 90% for RV.14 In Japan, the corresponding rates were 96.3% for VZV and 89.5% for RV.15 In several other studies, the seropositivity rates for VZV and RV among HCWs were much more similar. For example, in an Australian study, the rates were 89.1% for VZV and 91.1% for RV, 16 and in an Italian study, the rates were 97.9% VZV and 97.6% for RV,17 and in a Turkish study, the rates were 98.0% for VZV and 98.3% for RV.18 The regional differences in seropositivity rates may be attributable to differences in early childhood immunisation programmes in each country. In addition, the differences could be due to the fact that we tested newly recruited expatriate HCWs, while the other studies tested HCWs who were already working in the healthcare systems of the study countries.
Our study revealed that more male HCWs were seronegative for VZV and RV (22.2% and 7.4%, respectively) compared with female HCWs (15.6% and 5.9%, respectively), although the difference in RV seronegativity was not significant. The VZV result differs to that reported in an Iranian study published in 2010,19 which found that most female HCWs were seropositive for VZV. This could be explained by the fact that the majority of expatriate HCWs recruited to Kuwait were from low-income countries and these regions may not have had an immunisation programme for VZV during the relevant periods, since the VZV vaccine is expensive.
Regarding the RV seroprevalence among male and female HCWs, our result concurs with the findings of a study in Spain in 2014,20 which reported no significant difference between male and female HCWs. In contrast, a Japanese survey in 200115 revealed that male HCWs were more likely to be RV seronegative than female HCWs, which was explained by the fact that the routine childhood RV vaccination programme in Japan was started in the late 1970s and only involved girls aged 12–15 years old, meaning that seropositivity would be more likely in female than male HCWs.
The prevalence of VZV seronegativity was higher among the age groups of 20–30 and 30–40 years old, with rates of 18.2% and 18.9%, respectively. For RV, the prevalence of seronegativity was higher among the youngest age group (<20 years old) followed by eldest age group (>40 years old), with rates of 71.5% and 10.4%, respectively, for RV. Our VZV seronegativity rates are higher than those found in an Iranian study published in 2010,19 which reported a seronegativity rate of 31.9% in the same age group (20–40 years). VZV seronegativity rates in this age group have been reported to be lower in other countries: 3.8% in Finland in 2005,21 11.3% in Ireland in 2004,22 20% in Italy in 200723 and 56.2% in Sri Lanka in 2000.24 However, the youngest age group (<20 years old) had a greater RV seronegativity rate than all the other age groups. These results are consistent with the results of a Turkish study in 2012,25 which found a significant association between younger age group and greater seronegativity rate. Similar results were reported by other Turkish studies26–29 and an Australian investigation.16
Seronegativity was highest among nurses for both VZV (21.1%) and RV (6.9%) and lowest among physicians (9.2% and 5.2%, respectively). These results concur with those from a Turkish study published in 2012,25 which found that physicians had the lowest seronegativity rate among the HCWs studied. This may be attributable to the fact that they are more exposed to VZV and RV infections, leading them to ensure that they receive their vaccinations as scheduled. Similar results were found in studies in Iran in 200119 and Brazil in 2000.30 A study in Japan in 200115 reported similar results for VZV; however, there were some differences regarding RV as they found that physicians had a lower seropositivity rate (86.4%) than nurses (91.2%).
Nurses constitute more than 50% of all HCWs recruited to work in Kuwait,31 and the majority of them come from India, which does not have a VZV and RV immunisation programme, leading to high rates of seronegativity. Moreover, the HCWs generally come from low-income countries31 that lack consistent immunisation programmes for both VZV and RV, which might have caused the high seronegativity rates among the HCWs.
One of the limitations of this study is that equivocal EIA results were considered negative, and we were unable to obtain new blood samples from these HCWs for retesting.
In conclusion, our study revealed the VZV-specific and RV-specific IgG seroprevalence among newly recruited HCWs in Kuwait. This study has important implications, as it provides estimates of the prevalence of immunity to VZV and RV among HCWs who will provide services throughout the healthcare system in Kuwait. This information could help in planning a VZV and RV vaccination programme for seronegative HCWs who, if not vaccinated (and converted to a seropositive status), could transmit these diseases to vulnerable groups, leading to severe complications.
This study highlights the importance of screening for IgG against both viruses in the countries of origin of the HCWs and vaccinating those that are seronegative before they come to work in Kuwait.
It is recommended that a seroprevalence survey is carried out among all HCWs (ie, all those currently working in the Kuwaiti healthcare system) to assess the prevalence of immunity among them so that an effective immunisation programme can be designed, with the ultimate goal of preventing VZV and RV infections in vulnerable groups.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to Dr Sami Alnasser for his great help and support during and after the research period.
References
Footnotes
Contributors IS contributed in the conception of the research question, design of the methods, collecting and analysing data, as well as writing, reviewing and finally submitting for publication.
Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval The study was approved by the Kuwaiti ports and borders health and public health departments ethical committees after the study protocol was reviewed.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.