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Abstract
Objectives Fibre-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) to detect dysphagia is gaining more and more importance as a diagnostic tool. Therefore, we have investigated the impact of FEES in neurological patients in a clinical setting.
Design Cross-sectional hospital-based registry.
Setting Primary acute care in a neurological department of a German university hospital.
Participants 241patients with various neurological diseases who underwent FEES procedure.
Primary and secondary outcome measures Dysphagia and related comorbidities.
Results 267 FEES were performed in 241 patients with various neurological diagnoses. Dysphagia was diagnosed in 68.9% of the patients. In only 33.1% of the patients, appropriate oral diet was chosen prior to FEES. A relevant dysphagia occurred more often in patients with structural brain lesions (83.1% vs 65.3%, P=0.001), patients with dysphagia had a longer hospitalisation (median 18 (IQR 12–30) vs 15 days (IQR 9.75–22.75), P=0.005) and had a higher mortality (8.4% vs 1.3%, P=0.041). When the oral diet was changed, we observed a lower pneumonia rate (36% vs 50%, P=0.051) and a lower mortality (3.7% vs 11.3%, P=0.043) in comparison to no change of oral diet. A restriction of oral diet was identified more often in older patients (median 75 years (IQR 66.3–82 years) vs median 72 years (IQR 60–79 years), P=0.01) and in patients with structural brain lesions (86.8% vs 73.1%, P=0.05).
Conclusion On clinical investigation, dysphagia was misjudged for the majority of the patients. FEES might help to compensate this drawback, revising the diet regime in nearly 70% of the patients.
- dysphagia
- endoscopy
- adult neurology
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Performance of fibre-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) by experienced examiners in a standardised manner.
Considering the current literature, our study has included the highest number (n=241) of neurological patients systematically examined with FEES.
Single-centre study, which might lead to a centre-specific bias in diagnostic and therapeutic measures, influencing data acquisition.
Background
Dysphagia is a common complication in neurological diseases with aspiration pneumonia as a leading cause of death in stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease or dementia.1–5 In elderly patients suffering from infections, a concomitant aspiration pneumonia results in increased morbidity and mortality.6 7 Dysphagia determines therefore the immediate prognosis of ill patients, and due to the functional link to the central and peripheral nerve system, it is of particular relevance to neurological patients.7
Apart from a physical examination performed by physicians or speech and language therapists, diagnostic tools have been developed to investigate the swallowing function.8 Two procedures, the videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing and the fibre-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) have entered the clinical practice for this purpose. The latter works without radiation exposure and it can be easily repeated; it can be performed at bedside and even in uncooperative or unconscious patients. FEES is therefore gaining more and more importance in the examination of neurological patients.9 10 However, systematic studies providing the overall benefit of this procedure in neurological patients are currently missing.
Therefore, the aim of the presented study is to assess the value of FEES for unselected neurological patients regarding the benefit of judging the swallowing function and the related short-term outcome.
Methods
FEES has been performed in patients who had a stroke with pathological bedside screening examination (BSE). In patients with other aetiologies, it has been performed when there were pathological findings in the comprehensive swallowing examination (CSE) conducted by a speech and language therapist (SLT). An indication for CSE was a clinical suspicion of dysphagia, that is, in patients with newly diagnosed motor neuron disease or in those showing clinical signs of dysphagia (eg, wet voice and/or coughing when drinking, etc). In our department, we use the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) as a BSE for stroke-associated dysphagia. The GUSS consists of four subtests. In the first subtest, vigilance, the ability to cough and swallowing of saliva are assessed. The next three steps evaluate the patient’s ability to safely swallow semisolid, liquid and solid food. In each subtest, a maximum of five points can be reached. The level of points determines the patient’s severity of dysphagia. Due to the degree of severity, different diet recommendations are given.11 The screening process is depicted in figure 1.
Strobe diagram of screening process and decisions after FEES. BSE, bedside screening examination; CSE, comprehensive swallowing examination; FEES, fibre-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing.
The oral diet prior to FEES was chosen by the attending physician and an SLT based on the findings in the CSE. In patients who had a stroke, oral diet was chosen according to the instructions of the GUSS. For quality control reasons, findings gathered in examinations were documented systematically. All FEES procedures were performed in a standardised manner by experienced physicians (see below).
Patients
All patients treated in our department from January 2014 to September 2016 who underwent FEES were considered for the analysis. The data documented in the database included: age, sex, length of stay in hospital, diagnosis, presence of brain lesions (such as a new or old ischaemic stroke, an intracerebral bleeding, a tumour, a cerebral atrophy, etc), occurrence of pneumonia (defined as a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia; determined by the treating physician), treatment in the intensive care unit, mortality, presence of dysphagia and type of oral intake (before and after FEES). To acquire data and to use them for scientific analyses, an ethical approval was obtained from the local ethical committee (Justus-Liebig University, Giessen; protocol number 208/16).
FEES
FEES is a videoendoscopic nasolaryngeal swallowing study. We performed FEES following the standardised FEES protocol according to Langmore12: a small endoscope (about 4 mm in diameter) was introduced through the inferior nasal meatus and the epipharynx in the mesopharynx. Swallowing of saliva and different consistencies of food and liquids, penetration, aspiration, localisation and amount of residues as well as patients’ reactions (such as coughing) were visualised and documented. By definition, penetration is entering of any material into the airway (above the level of the vocal folds), aspiration means entering of any material below the level of the vocal folds. In the first step of the procedure, anatomical changes, management of saliva and movements of swallowing related structures were assessed. Then, we tested pudding-thick consistency (thickened water), normal water and solid food. All consistencies were applied three times. If one of the consistencies appeared unsafe, we left out the corresponding consistence. Based on the findings in FEES, the appropriate oral diet was chosen for the patients. All FEES procedures were performed or supervised by an experienced investigator.
Outcome measurements
Oral intake and the degree of dysphagia severity were measured by using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Dysphagia Severity Scale (FEDSS), respectively.
FOIS is a seven-tiered scale ranging from 1=no oral intake at all (NPO=nil per os) to 7=full oral intake without restrictions (see online supplementary appendix 1).13 The data of the functional oral intake scale were categorised in either NPO (FOIS=1), partial oral intake (FOIS=2–6) or full oral intake (FOIS=7). De-escalation of the oral diet was defined as a positive change on the FOIS, whereas restriction of the oral diet was defined as a negative change.
Supplementary file 1
To define the overall severity of dysphagia, we used the FEDSS developed by Dziewas and coworkers.14 The FEDSS is a six-tiered scale originally designed to use for patients who had a stroke (see online supplementary appendix 2). All parameters are recorded in a standardised way.
Supplementary file 2
To evaluate the value of performing FEES in neurological patients, the following parameters were correlated with baseline data and dependent factors:
Dysphagia as defined by a FEDSS score of ≥2.
Oral intake status as calculated by the FOIS and its overall change and type of change after FEES.
Statistical analyses
Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated based on cross-tables. For comparing relative frequencies, a two-tailed Fisher’s exact test was used. Continuous variables were analysed by calculating the median value and the IQR (25% percentile and 75% percentile). Non-parametric data were analysed employing the Mann-Whitney U test. All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS V.22.0 (IBM Company).
Results
Patients’ characteristics
Two hundred and sixty-seven FEES were performed in 241 patients. In 23 patients (9.5%), the procedure was repeated at least once. Among those patients, an improvement of dysphagia was noted in 12 cases (52.1%). The subsequent examination revealed an increased severity of dysphagia in one patient and in a second patient, previously diagnosed with no dysphagia, aspiration was detected during a repeated examination.
One hundred and forty patients were male (52.4%), the median age was 73 years (IQR 61–80 years). One hundred and nine patients (45.2%) were treated on the intensive care unit. In 46.8% of the patients, an ischaemic stroke was diagnosed. The different disease entities detected in our patients are summarised in figure 2. The group classified as ‘other’ consisted of patients with heterogeneous diagnoses (epileptic seizures, dementia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, degenerative changes of the cervical spine, etc).
Disease entities detected in patients in percentage and absolute.
One hundred and ninety-four patients (80.5%) had CT imaging of the brain, 69 (28.6%) underwent MRI. Forty-eight patients (19.9%) had both a CT and MRI scan, whereas 22 (9.1) patients had no imaging at all. One hundred and eighty-seven patients had a brain lesion detected in CT scan or MRI (8 tumours, 125 new ischaemic lesions, 27 bleedings, 27 other lesions (old ischaemic lesions, unspecific white matter lesions, cortical atrophy, etc)). Ninety-eight patients (40.7%) developed pneumonia, 15 patients died during hospitalisation (6.2%). Initially, 140 patients (52.4%) had NPO, 58 patients (24.1%) had partial oral intake and 43 patients (16.1%) had full oral intake. One hundred and eight patients (44.8%) were dependent on a nasogastric feeding tube prior to FEES and seven patients (2.9%) on a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. Patients’ characteristics are presented in table 1.
Baseline characteristics of neurological patients and differences in patients with and without dysphagia
No side effects, that is, laryngospasm, syncope or non-self-limiting epistaxis occurred, two patients (0.8%) had mild epistaxis after FEES.
FEES examination
The median overall FEDSS score of the entire study population was 4 (IQR 1–6). FEES revealed no sign of dysphagia (FEDSS=1) for 75 patients (31.1%), whereas dysphagia (FEDSS 2–6) was diagnosed in 166 persons (68.9%).
An oral diet was more often de-escalated in patients without dysphagia (72.8% vs 25.3%, P<0.0001) and was more often restricted in patients with dysphagia patients with a normal swallowing function (2.5% vs 36.6%, P<0.001). As for 26 patients (10.8%) with a full oral intake, FEES showed a critical dysphagia and as a result, the diet was re-evaluated. Out of these 26 patients, 16 (61.5%) had a partial oral intake and 38.5% patients had NPO after FEES. Changes in oral diet after FEES can be seen in figure 1.
Patients with brain lesions were more often diagnosed with dysphagia (65.3% vs 83.1%, P=0.001). Patients with dysphagia stayed longer in hospital (median 15 (IQR 9.75–22.75) vs 18 (IQR12-30) days, P=0.005) and had a higher mortality (8.4% vs 1.3%, P=0.041). Results are summarised in table 1.
Differences between patients with a change in the oral diet
A total of 161 patients (66.8%) had a change in the oral diet, 93 of them (57.8%) were de-escalated and (42.2%) a restriction was necessary in 68 patients. NPO was recommended after the examination in 47 of those 68 patients restricted in the oral diet (69.1%). Patients without a change of the oral diet had a higher rate of pneumonia (40.4% vs 36%, P=0.051) and a higher mortality as compared with those with a change in the oral diet (10% vs 3.7%, P=0.043). Results are summarised in table 2.
Baseline characteristics of neurological patients and differences of patients with and without a change of the oral diet
Differences between patients with de-escalation and restriction of the oral diet
In the patients with a change in oral diet, a restriction of oral diet was indicated more often in older patients (median 75 (IQR 66.25–82) years old vs 72 (IQR 60–79), P=0.01), in patients who had an ischaemic stroke (64.7% vs 46.2%, P=0.025) or patients with any other brain lesion (86.8% vs 73.1%, P=0.05) as compared with de-escalation of oral diet. There was also a higher mortality in patients with restriction in oral diet as compared with de-escalation (7.4% vs 1.1%, P=0.082). Results are summarised in table 3.
Differences of patients with de-escalation or restriction of the oral diet
Discussion
FEES showed relevant dysphagia in 166 (68.9%) of 241 unselected neurological patients. After performing the FEES, the diet was revised in 66.8% of the patients. A restriction of oral intake was indicated for predominantly elderly patients and those suffering from stroke or those with other structural brain lesions. Relevant dysphagia was associated with a higher mortality and a longer duration of hospitalisation.
Different studies identified dysphagia as a strong factor associated with the bad outcome in many disorders.1–5 15–17 Therefore, establishing the right diagnosis with initiation of the appropriate therapeutic measures is of major relevance. In this context, FEES seems to be a promising tool of identifying patients at risk. With this procedure, a considerable number of patients with relevant dysphagia resulting in the immediate adjustment of the oral diet could be identified. In line with investigations in other populations, patients diagnosed with dysphagia in our study had a longer period of hospitalisation and a higher risk for poor outcome. It can be expected that pneumonia is the main complication associated of a poor outcome; however, our analysis showed no significant differences in pneumonia rates between patients with compared with patients without dysphagia. Thus, some other factors might determine the development of dysphagia in neurological patients. As demonstrated in our study, dysphagia was associated with the presence of structural brain lesions, which could be attributed to the complexity of the swallowing process. Swallowing is controlled and regulated by complex supramedullary networks, so brain lesions causing a relevant swallowing dysfunction seem to be an appropriate finding.18 19
The initial diet regime was maintained after performance of FEES for only 33.1% of the investigated patients. Despite extensive clinical expertise, the established diagnosis regarding the swallowing function was incorrect in nearly every second patient; 10.8% of the patients had full oral intake although they would have needed a restriction. A lack of awareness of dysphagia, the inability of clinical examinations and screening tests to detect silent aspirations or methodological reasons might also explain this result.2 20 Therefore, our results underline the necessity of performing elaborate dysphagia diagnostics on a routine basis and they support recent trends implementing FEES examination as a standard procedure in severely affected neurological patients.
A restriction of an oral diet was indicated more often in older patients. The age-related impairment of physiological function, also called ‘presbyphagia’ might be responsible for this observation.21 Since the vast majority of neurological patients in general are of an advanced age, presbyphagia needs to be taken into consideration when interpreting FEES findings. A structural brain lesion in addition to pre-existing presbyphagia might explain the distinct severity of dysphagia in our study group. Mortality and pneumonia rate were higher in patients that had no change of their oral diet. This might sound surprising at first, but this group included, apart from non-dysphagic patients, patients that were on a restricted diet or NPO based on the results of the BSE, CSE or clinical judgement. The group of NPO patients had severe dysphagia and a group of them aspirated saliva, which might explain the higher rate of pneumonia and mortality. Those complications might have been prevented by intubation or tracheotomy, but for most patients, this was not an option for the patient or the treating physician. Again, this demonstrates the lack of awareness for dysphagia.
A selection bias considering a large number of intensive care patients must be taken into account when interpreting our results. Since those patients are more severely affected, that is, by stroke, our findings could have overestimated the number of neurological patients affected by dysphagia, which might also explain the high frequency of pneumonia as compared with other researchers.22 Because of ethical reasons, no control group (without FEES) was set up: the risk of pneumonia and pneumonia-related death was considered too high. These are the main limitations of the study. However, the study design represents the clinical routine with a preselection of patients by using a BSE or CSE followed by instrumented diagnostics. So far only one study by Bax and coworkers has been published about the effect of FEES on the outcome in 220 neurological patients.23 However, in this study only some patients underwent FEES. Whereas in our study, all 241 patients underwent FEES procedure.
Conclusions
By implementing FEES, we could detect signs of dysphagia in 68.9% of our neurological patients. Dysphagia was associated with the presence of a structural brain lesions, a higher mortality and a longer duration of hospitalisation. A change of the oral diet was associated with a lower incidence of pneumonia and a lower mortality. Due to our findings, only 33.1% of the patients had an adequate oral diet. As most screening tests for dysphagia do not cover non-stroke patients and cannot detect silent aspiration, using FEES at a low threshold for all neurological patients might help identifying patients at risk with this safe and fast bedside assessment tool. It ensures safety when deciding on the type of the oral intake and brings the benefit of a marked reduction in mortality and morbidity.
References
Footnotes
Contributors TB, MJ, MK and CT: Conceptualisation. TB, MV, MM and IR: FEES examinations. TB, MJ and MP: Analysis of data and statistics. TB and CT: Preparation of original draft. All authors: Review and editing; ICMJE criteria for authorship read and agree with manuscript results and conclusions.
Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval For the data acquisition and their use for scientific analyses, an ethical approval was obtained from the local ethical committee (Justus-Liebig University, protocol number 208/16).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. The data that support the findings of this study are not publically available due to local medical data protection policies.