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Abstract
Introduction Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are rare diseases characterised by non-suppurative inflammation of skeletal muscles and muscle weakness. Additionally, IIM is associated with a reduced quality of life. Strength training is known to promote muscle hypertrophy and increase muscle strength and physical performance in healthy young and old adults. In contrast, only a few studies have examined the effects of high intensity strength training in patients with IIM and none using a randomised controlled trial (RCT) set-up. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of high-intensity strength training in patients affected by the IIM subsets polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM) and immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM) using an RCT study design.
Methods and analysis 60 patients with PM, DM or IMNM will be included and randomised into (1) high-intensity strength training or (2) Care-as-Usual. The intervention period is 16 weeks comprising two whole-body strength exercise sessions per week. The primary outcome parameter will be the changes from pre training to post training in the Physical Component Summary measure in the Short Form-36 health questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures will include maximal lower limb muscle strength, skeletal muscle mass, functional capacity, disease status (International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group core set measures) and questionnaires assessing physical activity levels and cardiovascular comorbidities. Furthermore, blood samples and muscle biopsies will be collected for subsequent analyses.
Ethics and dissemination The study complies with the Helsinki Declaration II and is approved by The Danish Data Protection Agency (P-2020–553). The study is approved by The Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics (H-20030409). The findings of this trial will be submitted to relevant peer-reviewed journals. Abstracts will be submitted to international conferences.
Trial registration number NCT04486261.
- rheumatology
- sports medicine
- rehabilitation medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the most robust methodology to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
The study will represent the first large-scale (n=60) RCT to examine the effects of high intensity strength training in patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis and immune-mediated necrotising myopathy.
The findings of the RCT, whether positive or negative, will contribute to future recommendations for the implementation of adjunct treatment strategies in patients with myositis.
The findings of the RCT might not be generally applicable for all subgroups of patients with myositis, especially patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis.
The long-term impacts of prolonged high-intensity strength training on quality of life cannot be elucidated from the current study.
Introduction
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), collectively termed myositis, is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases that share features as non-suppurative inflammation of skeletal muscles and muscle weakness.1 2 The main subsets of IIMs consists of polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), sporadic inclusions body myositis (sIBM) and immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM).3–7
Patients with myositis generally respond well to prednisolone and other anti-inflammatory drugs,8 9 with sIBM as an exception.10–12 Even though anti-inflammatory drugs in general reduce disease activity in IIM, patients typically do not fully regain their pre-disease muscle function.13 14 In addition, patients with IIM have reduced quality of life. Patients with a disease duration of roughly 7 years scored ~50% lower within the physical domain of the Short Form 36 (quality of life) questionnaire compared with healthy age-matched adults.15 16 In a recent OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology) survey on patient-reported outcome measures, patients with myositis listed ‘muscle symptoms’, ‘fatigue’ and ‘levels of physical activity’ as key challenging aspects of daily living.17 Therefore, it is paramount to address these aspects and improve physical function to increase quality of life for patients with myositis.
The effect of physical exercise has been investigated in patients with PM and DM in a few smaller non-randomised studies18–22 and in general, physical exercise was shown to be a safe and effective therapeutic tool to improve physical function and activities of daily living.18–22
Two randomised controlled trials (RCT) concerning endurance training have been conducted in patients with PM and DM (n=14 and n=15, respectively).23 24 Six weeks of bicycle exercises and step aerobics improved physical fitness and muscle strength in patients with PM and DM23 and aerobic exercise in combination with resistive endurance training led to improvements in general health, exercise performance and aerobic capacity, respectively, in patients with PM, DM and IMNM.24–26 The effect of high intensity strength training has only been investigated in limited number of patients with myositis (excluding sIBM) with promising results in terms of increased muscle strength, reduced disease activity and reduced signs of physical impairment, along with no signs of increased inflammation within the trained muscles.27–29 However, none of these studies included assessments of quality of life and despite the promising results, a strict RCT study design is currently lacking.
Two training studies performed comprehensive immunohistochemistry analysis, with a focus on inflammation and none of the studies observed signs of increased inflammation following the training interventions.28 30 Nonetheless, the effect of high-intensity strength training at the myocellular level has never been investigated in patients with PM, DM and IMNM using an RCT study design.
The aims of the present study, therefore, are to use a RCT study design to investigate the effects of high-intensity strength training on (1) quality of life, (2) muscle strength, muscle mass, physical function and disease activity in patients with IIM compared with patients with control (IIM) receiving Care-as-Usual and (3) additionally, explorative outcomes as the underlying myocellular adaptations will be examined by repeated muscle biopsy sampling.
Methods and analysis
The current RCT is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and any changes to the protocol will be implemented here.
Study design
The study is a two-armed RCT. Sixty patients diagnosed with IIM (PM, DM and IMNM) will be included in a 16-week training intervention study (figure 1). Patients will be allocated randomly in the two subject groups in a 1:1 ratio, with stratification of IIM subgroups to ensure even distribution between intervention arms (training vs no training). The randomisation code will be generated by a biomedical laboratory technician with no further relation to the study, using an online tool (Research Randomizer, www.randomizer.org). The study has conformed to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials guidelines for constructing a clinical trial.31
Study schematics. The intervention group will receive 16 weeks of high-intensity strength training. The control group will receive Care-as-Usual throughout the intervention period, defined as keeping physical activity levels the same as prior to participation in the study. Both groups will maintain the usual medical treatment related to the myositis disease throughout the intervention period.
Outside the scope of the RCT, we intend to perform a 1-year follow-up measurement, which would include the same outcome variables as pre-intervention and post-intervention, with the exception of muscle biopsies.
Blinding
The two physiotherapists who will be conducting the pre and post testing of physical function, maximal lower limb muscle power and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans will be blinded to participants’ group allocation. The physician assessing IIM-specific disease measures (disease damage and activity, etc), as well as the statistician performing all statistical analysis will also be group allocation blinded. The patients and the lead investigator in charge of the supervised training cannot be blinded for group allocation.
Patients
Only patients with an affiliation to Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, will be assessed for eligibility in the study. Eligible patients will be identified through the electronic patient record system at Rigshospitalet by an extraction on diagnosis codes (M33.1—‘Other dermatomyositis’, M33.2—’Polymyositis’, M33.9—’Dermatopolymyositis unspecified’ and G72.49—‘Other inflammatory and immune myopathies, not elsewhere classified’). The study intends to include stable patients with IIM only. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in table 1. Patients deemed eligible by the leading physician will receive invitation by letter or email.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patient and public involvement
To strengthen the study in general and the strength training protocol, five patients with myositis were recruited for an advisory board to advise the research group in matters relevant for the patients and their role in the research study. The advisory board will persist through the entirety of the study and asked to give feedback on all matters relevant for the patients. Patients were chosen based on age, disease length, sex and general background to make sure the advisory board was as diverse as possible.
Intervention protocol
High-intensity strength training
The high-intensity (ie, heavy load) strength training protocol will consist of two exercise sessions per week and all training sessions will be supervised. The initial training loads will be estimated based on maximal test (five repetitions maximum (RM)) prior to the first training session. The first 2 weeks will be familiarisation period, where each exercise will be performed in three sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 15 RM. At week three each session will consist of three sets of each exercise using a training load corresponding to 10 RM to failure, which will be kept for the remaining part of the training intervention. The weight will be progressively adjusted across successive exercise sessions when participants are able to complete two extra repetitions (ie, 12 repetitions) in the last set of the respective exercise. The training protocol will be a whole-body training protocol and consist of five exercises using machines: horizontal bench press, horizontal leg press, seated rows, weighted knee extension and seated biceps curls.
The respective muscles will be working for approximately 45 s per set, with intermittent pauses of 90 s.27 28 Borg scale (6–20) will be used for assessing perceived exertion during and following the exercise sessions (aim following session: 16–18). All training loads for each training session will be recorded in an individual training diary for each patient (eg, exercise adherence, training load and adverse events).
Care-as-Usual
Care-as-Usual is defined as maintaining the level of physical activity at the same level as prior to initiation of the study. Furthermore, the usual medical treatment related to the myositis disease will be maintained throughout the timeline of the study for both groups.
Outcome variables
All study outcome measures are presented in table 2. All outcome measures will be measured at baseline and following the 16-week intervention period. Demographical information (age, gender, disease duration and time from first symptoms) will be drawn from clinical records from the electronic patient record system at Rigshospitalet.
Summary of outcome variables
Primary outcome
The primary outcome variable will be the change in the Physical Component Summary (PCS) measure from baseline to 16 weeks assessed by the Short Form-36 health questionnaire (SF-36), with scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best).32 The SF-36 is proposed by The International Myositis Outcome Assessment Collaborative Study Group (IMACS) as the preferred quality of life assessment tool.32
Secondary outcomes
Assessment of physical function and maximal muscle strength
Physical function will be tested using Functional Index 3,33 30 s chair rise,34 timed up-and-go35 and 2-min walk testing.36 Leg power will be measured by power rig.37 Handgrip strength will be measured38 and lastly a test for static balance with three feet positions (feet together, semi tandem and full tandem) will be performed.39
Body composition
Body composition as well as whole-body, appendicular (arms and legs) and lower-limb lean mass will be evaluated by DEXA. Bioimpedance measures will also be collected.
Disease activity and damage
Several outcome measures proposed by the IMACS to evaluate disease activity and disease damage in patients with IIM will be obtained.2 Patient and Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity and Extramuscular Global Assessment will be evaluated using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 100 mm).2 The Manual Muscle Test 8 will be used to determine muscle strength in eight predefined muscles. Muscle strength is graded from 0 (zero; no contraction felt in the muscle) to 10 (normal; holds test position against strong pressure).2 Perceived physical function is reported by the patients, using the Health Assessment Questionnaire.2 Plasma creatine kinase (CK) will be measured by blood sampling.2 Patient and Physician Global Assessment of Disease Damage will be evaluated using a VAS (100 mm).2
Questionnaires
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - long (IPAQ-long) concerning the level of self-reported physical activity and a questionnaire concerning medical conditions, current medication, heart symptoms, smoking habits and so on, will be filled out by all study participants. The Mental Health Component Summary measure from the SF-36 will also be recorded.
Cardiovascular co-morbidities
Traditional cardiovascular risk factor will be measures, including body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma lipid profile (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides and total cholesterol) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). In addition, troponins, N-terminal pro b-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and ECG will be measured.
Statistical considerations
The calculation of the number of subjects is based on the PCS values from the SF-36 questionnaire in patients with PM and DM reported by Poulsen et al. Reported PCS values were 36.5 with a SD for 9.5.16 The current study is a superiority trial and intends to demonstrate a significant change with the training intervention protocol of at least 20% with a statistical significance level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80% while anticipating a dropout rate of 10%. Based on sample size calculations (www.sealedenvelope.com/power/continius-superiority) based on the above-mentioned values and dropout rate, a total of 60 patients was estimated to be recruited.
Statistical analysis
The primary outcome variable is the change in PCS using the SF-36 questionnaire from baseline to post 16 weeks of intervention. The statistical analysis of the primary outcome will be conducted using an ‘intention-to-treat’ approach. For the primary outcome, an independent t-test will be conducted to determine the difference in change between the two groups. Likewise, independent t-tests will be conducted to determine all other outcomes measured throughout the study. In addition, a ‘per protocol’ approach also will be employed. The criteria for being included in the ‘per protocol’ analysis is having participated in at least two-third of all exercise sessions.
Ethical aspects and dissemination
Ethical considerations
The study will stay true to the Helsinki declaration II and is approved by The Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics (H-20030409). Further, the study is approved by The Danish Data Protection Agency (P-2020–553) and all data accumulated will be handled confidentially and under secrecy in accordance with the guidelines and approval conditions of The Danish Data Protective Agency. Written and verbal informed consent will be collected from all patients prior to participation in the study, according to Danish law (see online supplemental file 1 for patient consent form). In publication, there will not be any information that could identify any of patients partaking in the project.
Supplemental material
There is no commercial interest at stake within the project. Possible ‘conflict of interests’ will be uncovered before the start of the intervention.
Dissemination policy
The results of the current RCT will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Abstracts will be submitted for poster presentations at international conferences (eg, American College of Rheumatology). Authorship is granted to authors who provide essential contributions to the creation of the final publications. Both contributions via writing and/or assisting in conducting the clinical trial are accepted.
Ethics statements
Acknowledgments
We thank Professor Ingrid Lundberg (Karolinska Institute), Associate Professor Helene Alexanderson (Karolinska Institute), PhD Anders Jørgensen and the patient advisory board for their valuable input to the design of the current randomised controlled trial protocol. We used the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials checklist when writing this report.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors LPD is the principal investigator on the current trial. KYJ is the coordinator of the trial and has drafted the manuscript. PA, CS and HDS are co-coordinators of the trial and supply academical depth and experience. EB provided statistical expertise. JLN provided insight and expertise concerning clinical trials. All authors took part in the study design and assisted with the project funding. All authors have participated in the design of the trial and assisted with the draft of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by The Danish Rheumatism Association—grant number R185-A6606; The AP Moller Foundation—grant number 20-L-0031; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet—grant number N/A.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.